Engineering and Science, Volume 8:11, November 1945

C.I.T. NEWS ADMINISTRATIVE REORGANIZATION TE retirement of Dr. R. A. Millikan was announced, together with other administrative changes, in the August issue of Engineering and Science. The Board of Trustees has anounced new appointments which will be of interest to the alumni. Professor E. C. Watson has been appointed Dean of the Faculty, a position which has not heretofore existed at the Institute. appointed chairman of the Division of Physics, Mathe- matics and Electrical Engineering. This position was formerly held by Professor R. A. Millikan. Professor F. C. Lindvall has been appointed chairman of the Division of Civil and Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics. This position was formerly occupied by Dean Franklin Thomas, who remains as head of the Civil Engineering Department and Dean of Upper Classmen. Professor J. E. Wallace Sterling, who is a member of the newly formed executive committee, has been appointed Edward S. Harkness Professor of History and Government. This professorship was formerly held by Professor William B. Munro, who has retired, becoming a member of the Board of Trustees and Treasurer of the Institute. Harry J. Bauer, member of the Board of Trustees, has been appointed a member of the Observatory Council. The Board of Trustees has transferred the Department of Meteorology to the Division of the Geological Sciences. These actions were made effective September 15, 1915. On November 10 it was announced that two engineers whose scientific skill aided materially in winning the war on opposite sides of the world have returned to civil life by joining the faculty at California Institute of Technology. Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur P. Banta, who won high praise as an army sanitary engineer in the Pacific, rejoined the stall as associate professor of sanitary en-gineering. after a four-year military leave of absence. Dr. George W. Housner, advisor of generals on aerial gunnery and bombing tactics in Africa and Italy, joined the faculty for the first time as assistant professor of applied mechanics. As chief of the Army's War Planning Section, with headquarters at Honolulu, Colonel Banta had charge of design, construction, and initial operation of water supply and sewerage systems in the Pacific theater. Author of numerous articles on sewage disposal sys-tems. Colonel Banta was graduated in 1926 from Stanford University with an A.B. degree, and from California Institute of Technology in 1928 with a Master of Science degree in civil engineering. He is married and lives at 159 Sierra View Road. A structural engineer here before the war, Dr. Hous ner became chief analyst of the First Operations An- alysis Section, 15th Air Force, in 1913. In that capacity he advised high-ranking otheers on bombing weights necessary for certain operations, with reference to different terrain conditions, and on other problems. NOVEMBER 1945 Working under his direction was a consulting body of 20 physicists, mathematicians, and electronics en- gineers Major-General N. F. Twining, commanding officer of the 15th Air Force, commended him highly for "employing innumerable innovations in operational procedure and technique." Unmarried, he lives with his family in Flintridge. He is a graduate of University of Michigan. with a b.S degree in 1931, and of California Institute of Tech nology, with a Ph.D. received in 1911. An expert in engineering seismology, he has written numerous articles on earthquakes and their effect on structures. ATHLETICS By H. Z. MUSSELMAN, Director of Physical Education Bouncing back after an early season slump, Caltech's football team won the last three games on the schedule to finish the season with a record of four wins and two losses. Coach Pete Brown's lads turned in a neat game in trouncing U. C.L.A. Junior Varsity, 6-0. Outplaying the heavier and favored Bruins, Tech drove for its touchdown in the fourth quarter with fullback Dutch Schi-nenz leading the sustained march and bucking over for the touchdown. The best game of the season was the 32-20 triumph over San Diego State. With halfbacks Jerry Wozniak and Lloyd Chamberlain skirting the ends, and fullbacks Dutch Schimenz and Mort Powell tearing the line to shreds, the Beaver offense rolled up a total of 383 yards from scrimmage. The Tech line, consisting of Hubert Clark and Don Hibbard ends, Bill Libbey and Dennis Long tackles, Milt Strauss and Norman Lee guards, and John Gerpheide center, consistently outplayed the heavy State line and opened up holes which sprung the backs loose for long gains. In the second quarter Schimenz broke loose for a 55-yard run, and later in the quarter scored after a 15-yard run. In the final period Mor Powell raced 65 yards to produce the final Tech marker. In the final game, Tech experienced little difficulty in administering a 19.0 defeat to Occidental, subduing the Tigers for the second time of the season. With Schimenz, Powell, Wozniak, and Root again spearheading the at-tack, the Engineers registered 317 yards from scrimmage while holding the Bengals to 61 yards. The season's results: Caltech — 7 Redlands 13 - 20 Occidental 6 Cal Poly 7 6 U.C.L.A. JVs 32 San Diego State. 20 10 Occidental 90 40 At the opening of the new semester, Coach Carl Shy greeted with a record turnout of basketball men, but found only three lettermen-Jerry Schneider center. Stuart Bates forward, and Dennis Ahern guard-return-ing from last year's team. However, much material should be uncovered from the 240 V-5 trainees and the 75 civilian frosh who are just entering the Institute this semester. With all the Southern Conference schools being represented by teams for the first time since 1943, "home Page 17 and home" games have been scheduled with Occidental. Pomona. Whittier, and Redlands. Additional contests will be scheduled with U.S. C.. U. C. L. A.. Pepperdine. and various service units. All home games will again he played at the Pasadena Armory. The schedule: Sat. Dec. 1 Whittier Fri. Dec. 7 Occidental Fri. Dec. 14 Caltech Fri. Dec. 21 Caltech Sat. Jan. 5 Caltech Fri. Jan. 11 Redlands at Caltech at Caltech at Redlands at U. C. L. A. at Whittier at Caltech Sat. Jan. 12 Caltech Sat. Jan. 18 Caltech at Pomona Fri. Jan. 25 Caltech Sat. Jan. 26 Pepperdine at Caltech Sat. Feb. 2 The Institute has just announced the appointment of Mason Anderson to the physical education staff. son was stationed at the Institute as a chief specialist in the Navy V.12 unit from May, 1914, to June. 1915. and coached the 1911 football team which produced such an enviable record. Prior to entering service. Ander- son coached the high school teams at Trinidad. (olorado. Raton. New Mexico, and Colorado Springs. Colorado. to several championships. Having recently received his discharge from the Navy. Anderson took up his duties i the Institute at the opening of the semester on October 29 and at present will supervise the physical education and intramural program and assist Coach Shy in coach- had recently returned to the United States after spending a vear in the battle areas of Europe in the capacity of a director of communications. His job was to supply communication facilities for all the armed forces and hospitals. These facilities included telephone. telegraph (for coded messages. and manually operated Of the many problems encountered in the tremendous job of maintaining communications, two seemed to stand out as the toughest. For one thing. the field wires were necessarily strung along the side of roads because the fields had not been cleared of land mines. Mr. Hitchcock said the Germans had placed literally millions of mines in very effective locations, doing the damage they were intended to do in a very efficient manner. If it had been possible to string wires across country the work would have been made much easier. The second problem was an outcome of the first. Because of the fact that wires were strung along roads. communications were continually interrupted by war vehicles of various sorts. breaking the wires when they accidentally left the road. In most cases distance between repeater stations was not too great. when a break occurred, a complete new line would be strung between stations rather than take the time to hunt for the interference. As a result of this, the trees. hedgerows. poles, etc. were festooned with miles of wires of various sizes and purposes, making it almost impossible to identify any one line. Mr. Hitchcock paid high tribute to the men in the armed forces who through their ingenuity were able to erect and maintain communication facilities under very OCTOBER ALUMNI MEETING By W. H. SIMPSON …HE October meeting of the Alumm Association wa • a dinner meeting held at the Universit Club in Los Angeles with Al Knight, class of 1922, as host. In the absence of Charley Varney. the meeting was ably presided over by Allen Laws. '26. vice-president of the Association. There were 68 people for dinner. including three members of the faculty and about six guests, which made a fairly good turnout. The speaker was H. W. Hitcheock. chief engineer of the Southern California Telephone Co. Mr. Hitchcock MAJOR EDWIN R. KENNEDY RECEIVES CITATION Major Edwin R. Kennedy. Air Force, was awarded the Legion of Merit in July by the Commanding General. United States Forces. China Theater. at the Edgewood Arsenal where he is presently stationed. The citation reads as follows: "Major Edwin R. Kennedy. 0 339 409. Air Corps. is awarded the Legion of Merit for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding service from 21 May 1947 to 26 January 1945 as technician in charge of producing a gasoline substitute for motor vehicle use in China. Adequate quantities of motor rehicle gasoline could not be brought over the "Hump' owing to limited air tonnage allotments, and Major Kennedy was brought to China to develop a local product for use as a substitute. After conducting large number of tests of various fuels. he selected alcohol as the best substitute avalable in sufficient quantities in China. ninets per cent gasoline never before had been engines, he succeeded in obtaining efficient operation with blends of serenty-five per cent alcohol and twenty-five per cent gasoline with only miner modifications of government vehicles. The use of this blend resulted in a monthly saving of more than 1.800 tons of air freight. which permitted greater quantities of other vital material to be brought to China and directly increased the scope of combat operations in that theater. which reflects gret credit upon Major Kennedy and upon the American military service. Page 18 DECEMBER ALUMNI MEETING On December 13. members of the Alumni Association will enjoy a dinner meeting at the University Club in Los Angeles. Mr. R. G. Kenyon. vice president of the Southern California Edison Company. will talk on Labor-Management Relations. Announcements will be in the mail a week or so prior to the date of this meeting. The January meeting will be held on the 17th of the month with dinner at the University Club. Mr. Verne Orr. Vice President. Chrysler Pacific Corp.. will be the speaker of the evening. The annual dance will be held in February. PERSONALS Ex. 1923 LIEUTENANT - COLONEL VERNON JAEGER. 9lst "Powder River" Division chaplain. arrived in the States on Septem- her 11 with elements of his division, veterans of the Ttalian campaign. Going overseas in April. 1944, Chaplain Jaeger served with the Fir Tree Division throughout the Italian campaign. He won the Bronze Star Medal for meritorious service in support of combat operations it civilian May. 1915. In life. Chaplain Jaeger was pastor of the First Baptist Church. Port Town send. Wash. His family now Pasadena. Calif. lives in 1927 HOMAS L. GOTTIER holds the pos tion t chief television enginee for the Raytheon Manufacturing Co. of New York. N. Y RICHARD DODGE has moved to south- ern California with his family. 1929 LIEUTENANT-COMMANDER FRANK W. THOMPSON has returned to the ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY Hydro-Kinetic Drives, Hydraulic Torque Converters and Hydraulic Couplings By NICHOLAS A. D'ARCY, JR. IDESPRLAD interest in hydraulic drives was W created in this country when hydraulic couplings were incorporated in several popular automo- biles. This was the outgrowth of the inventions of Dr. Ing. Hermann Foettinger in Hamburg, Germany, over 30 years ago. Dr. Foettinger developed both the hydraulic coupling and the hydraulic torque converter for use in Diesel-powered vessels having up to 20,000 horsepower available for driving the propeller. The use and development of hydraulic drives spread to Sweden, where the Ljungstrom works further oped the hydraulic torque converter under Lysholm-Smith patents. and to England. where Vulcan-Sinclair developed the hydraulic coupling. The Swedish applications were made largely to rail cars and the English applications to trucks and buses. It has been in the last four or five years that wide- spread industrial development has occurred in these two hydro-kinetic drives. The American Blower Corporation was sub-licensed by Vulcan-Sinclair to manufacture hydraulic couplings. the Twin Disc Clutch Company licensed under Lysholm-Smith patents to manufacture industrial hydraulic torque converters and hydraulic couplings, and Spicer Manufacturing Corporation manufacture torque converters for automotive uses. These three American organizations are rapidly extend ing the uses of hydro-kinetic drives, and new industries are rapidly availing themselves of the advantages of this development. Positive-drive hydraulic units are also in widespread use in the United States, but this type of drive is separate and important field which will only be touched upon at this time. TOROUE INPUT : 4.0 TO TORQUE OUTPUT TORQUE EFFICIENCY ENGINE RPM ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULIC DRIVES The original developments of Dr. Foettinger were connected with the development of the Diesel engine. Some simple device was needed to absorb the torsional vibrations and "un-equality" of operation of this engine, and the hydraulic torque converter and hydraulie coupling proved to be the devices needed. One of the most important advantages of all hydro-kinetic drives is the reduction of vibration and smoothing-out of the how of power from internal combustion engines. In addition. they absorb shock loads, prevent stalling of the engines. and provide a smooth method of starting a load. These fundamental characteristics of the hydro-kinetic drives apply without regard to whether the unit is a hydraulic torque converter or any of the several types of hydraulic Hydraulic torque converters have the further advantage of developing high output torque at low output speeds while maintaining high operating speed in the prime mover. The over-all efficiency of the torque converter reaches a maximum of approximately 83 per cent. which is low compared to certain electrical units, but it allows the prime mover to develop full input horsepower by running at maximum speed. For this reason the output horsepower from a torque converter is often higher than with mechanical transmissions with the engines operating at reduced speeds. The hydranlie coupling. on the other hand. has a maximum efficiency of over 95 per cent, but the output torque of a coupling can never exceed the input torque. From these radical differences one can see that each type of hydro-kinetic drive has its own particular advantage. and care must be used in selecting the correct unit for any particular installation. 100 100, 90 80 ليا EFFICIENGY, AT LEFT: Ratio of output torque to input torque. INPUT TORQUE RAT 10 20 30 40 50 60 OUTPUT RPM, PERGENT OF INPUT RPM 70 80 Page: 10 ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY ENGINE TORQUE 100 100 MAXIMUM 80 ORQUE, PERGENT 60 40 20 - STARTING TORQUE 80 60 40 20 SLIP, PERCENT SLIP 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 INPUT SPEED, PERCENT ENGINE GOVERNED SPEED Performance characteristics of hydraulic coupling used with an internal combustion engine. 100 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF HYDRO-KINETIC DRIVES Both the hydraulic torque converter and the hydraulic coupling are closed-circuit hydraulic units consisting of a pump or impeller on the driving end and a reaction member on the driven end. The rotation of the impeller imparts kinetic energy to the fluid in the closed circuit and Runners- Impeiler drives the fluid to the outer periphery of the unit. The turbine member then absorbs the kinetic energy of the fuid in its blades and the fluid. having lost its veloc-ity, is returned to the central portion of the unit. The impeller again picks up the fluid and the cycle is repeated. There is no mysterious characteristic imparted to the fluid at high velocities. as has sometimes been described. The entire action is based on well. known laws of hydraulies. There is no positive connection between the impeller and the turbine member, and this feature Flange connects + to power unit allows the fluid to absorb shock. absorh vibration. and provide smooth starting. Both torque converter and coupling depend upon the kinetic energy imparted to the NOVEMBER 1945 fuid for their drive. Both units transmit horsepower in proportion to the cube of the speed of the driving member and the fifth power of the diameter. Both units de- Runner: Impeller -Impeller Driven shaft oil cooler- 'Output shoft + Reversible oil pump Scoop tübe AT LEFT: Axial hydraulic forces balance each other in this twin coupling. AT RIGHT: A variable-speed coupling in which working fluid is removed, cooled, and returned to circuit. (Illustration courtesy Power Magazine.) Page 11 Input shaft Output shaft Construction of a typical hydraulic torque con-verter: P is impeller, T,, T., and T, are runner vanes, and F and F, are the fixed vanes. (Illustration courtesy Power Magazine.) velop torque in proportion to the square of the speed of the driven member and the fifth power of the diameter. HYDRAULIC COUPLINGS The hydraulic coupling is the simpler of the two hydro-kinetic drives. It consists essentially of two identical opposed vaned members, so that either half can he used as the driving or driven member. In certain adaptations of the hydraulic coupling added features are incorporated to alter this arrangement slightly, but the basic principle remains. The two opposed members being identical, one would expect to find the character of power transmitted identical with the power driving the coupling, and this is the case, except for triction losses. In the traction or sealed type of coupling, the simplest and most common hydraulic coupling, the oul-put speed is only about three per cent less than the input speed, and the output torque is always equal to the input In addition to the simple traction or sealed coupling one may obtain scoop tube or variable speed couplings. couplings. dumping couplings, and clutch type couplings. These have all been developed to meet certain requirements, but they are hasically the same as the traction coupling. Perhaps the most interesting of these special couplings is the scoop tube coupling. which allows the operator to control the volume of Auid in the coupling. This controls the amount of slip for any given output speed and torque requirement. In addition the scoop tube coupling allows the fluid to be constantly removed from the circuit. cooled. and reintroduced into the circuit. APPLICATIONS OF HYDRAULIC COUPLINGS The hydraulic coupling is essentially a constant-speed. constant-torque hydraulic unit. and as such it should he used on drives requiring this type of power. It is also an efficient drive. and one need not be concerned with loss in power through this type of unit. The passenger automobile is one of the outstanding successful applications of hydraulic units. since it has a relatively constant-speed, constant-torque drive after the unit gains speed and is one in which economy of operation is a prime factor. One of the best industrial applications for hydraulic couplings is that between the internal combustion engine and the propeller shaft on moderate-sized power boats. The coupling absorbs engine vibrations and provides i very smooth In new developments for fishing boats hydraulic couplings are being incorporated into multiple-engine drives to compound the power of two engines into a single propeller shaft. This drive has the added advantages of balancing the power of the two engines and protecting the compounding drive equip-ment. It is interesting to note that the original development of hydraulic drives was made in connection with ship propeller drives incorporating up to 20,000 horse-power, and now the drives are being developed for fishing boats having requirements of approximately 300 Couplings are also useful in connection with electric motors which must be started under load. The fact that 000 000 900 900 700 600 500. 400 300 600 599 400 309 --500 40e 300 Engine speed variation, hydraulic coupling on engine: 22.4 strokes per minute; left, 105-115 pound pressure; center, 132 pound pressure; right, 200 pound pressure. Page 12 ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY the coupling transmits torque in proportion to the square of the speed allows the electric motor to gain speed under light torque. With this type of drive, standard push-button controls and standard electric motors can be successfully used to start heavy loads. The load is also started much more smoothly than with special high-starting-torque electric motors. Electric motor drives of this nature are in operation on grease mixers, belt con-veyors, ball mills, and many similar types of machinery where the unit must start under full load. Consistent reports of reduced maintenance ment are received from operators using drives incorporating hydraulic couplings. One of the most interesting came from a major contractor operating heavy dirt-moving equipment. One set of earth movers was capable of transporting 13 yards of material per load and another set was capable of transporting only five yards. Both were of a similar nature and both working on the same job, and both employed the same mechanical transmission in the drive. the lo-yard umt included a hydraulic coupling and the five-yard unit had a conventional drive. In almost a year's operation, only two repair jobs were required for the transmissions in the large units equipped with hydraulic couplings, while there was an average of one a week on the smaller units which were not protected by hydraulic couplings, despite the fact that the smaller units were loaded much lighter. Hydraulic couplings with built-in friction clutches are now being used in power shovels and on engines sup- plying power to oil-well pumping units. Both of these operations are carried on with the engines working at relative constant speeds, but the horsepower requirements vary rapidly. The coupling reduces the peak load on the engine by smoothing out the power requirements. The recording tachometer and vacuum gauge readings taken on an experimental oil-well pumping installation show how the coupling smooths out the load on the engine when pumping conditions remain as nearly constant as possible. Without the coupling the engine speed varied from approximately 600 rpm to 900 pm on every stroke of the unit. This variation was reduced to less than half that obtained with the standard drive after the hydraulie coupling had been installed on the engine. A similar reduction of the intake manifold pressure variation was observed. The clutch type of coupling allows the operator to disconnect the engine from the driven members when necessary, but allows him to remain in hydraulic drive at all times while operating. The scoop tube, or variable speed, hydraulie coupling has the added advantage of controlling the speed of the output shaft by regulating the amount of fluid in the coupling. In this type of coupling an adjustable tube extends into the hydraulic circuit and drains the fluid down to any desired level, thus allowing the coupling to slip. The amount of fluid and the degree of slip control the output speed of the coupling. It is apparent that the efficiency of the scoop tube coupling is inversely proportional to the slip. Scoop tube couplings are used to advantage in driving slush pumps in drilling oil wells. It is sometimes advan-lageous to hold a constant pressure on the drilling fluid, even when there is no circulation of fluid. This is done with the scoop tube coupling by adjusting the tube to give the desired driving torque at the rated speed of the prime mover. As the scoop control coupling visions for cooling the coupling fluid, this condition of full slip in the coupling can be maintained for an extended period without overheating the coupling. Variable speed couplings are also used in the matic control of superchargers on airplanes. In this case the reduction in air pressure, as the plane gains altitude operates a diaphragm which introduces Auid into the The higher the plane goes, the more fluid is introduced into the coupling and the more the coupling output speed increases. This increase in fluid and output speed is regulated so that the output speed of the coupling, and, in turn, the speed of the supercharger, will be correct for any given altitude. LIMITATIONS OF HYDRAULIC COUPLINGS Hydraulic couplings are best fitted for those drives in which the prime mover is operating at a uniform speed over long periods of time and where the output speed and torque are fairly constant. Couplings are not 900 700 500 400 Engine speed variation, friction clutch on engine: 120-143 pound pressure; left, 22.2 strokes per minute; right, 19.4 strokes per minute. NOVEMBER 1945 Page 13 Hydraulic coupling installed on oil-well pumping engine reduces variations in engine speed and impact loads on sucker rods. suitable for operating at various input speeds or on loads where the torque requirements change rapidly. An examination of the typical performance curve of a hydraulic coupling driven by an electric motor shows that the coupling output speed stalls under full torque at about three quarters normal prime mover speed. This prevents using the coupling at reduced prime mover speeds. HYDRAULIC TORQUE CONVERTERS Hydraulic torque converters consist of three basic members. The impeller, or pump, provides a means of imparting kinetic energy to the fluid as in the coupling, but in this case the pump is so designed that it will operate in one direction only. The turbine consists of several sets of blades which absorb the energy of the fuid. Between each set of turbine blades is a set of reaction blades which are stationary and which redirect the flow of fluid from one set of turbine blades to the next. The reaction blades and turbine blades are very similar in appearance to the blades in a conventional steam turbine and the impeller has the appearance of a Page 14 simple centrifugal pump. The torque converter is not reversible, nor can the driven or turbine blade be used as driving members. The output and input members of a torque converter are very different in appearance, and the output and input speeds and torques are also very different. The output speed of the torque converter varies from full engine speed at zero torque to zero speed at five times engine torque. Thus we can see that the converter runs at zero efficiency both at stalled output speed and when the output speed equals the speed of the prime mover. The hydraulic torque converter is a very successful hydraulic transmission between these two limits. One of the first reactions to the converter is the loss of from 15 to 30 per cent of developed horsepower when working in the recommended speed limits of the hydraulic unit. The converter efficiency does not tell the entire story in this case, as it is the work done in a day's time that counts, not the fuel consumption nor efficiency. One of the outstanding cases of torque converters working at almost zero efficiency and getting a job done that could not be done in any other way came just after December 7, 1941. Pearl Harbor was lined with ships lying in the mud on their sides, and a means had to be found to right them. Six Wheels, Inc., in Los Angeles, built six heavy-duty winches including twin dise torque converters in the drive. These were shipped to Pearl Harbor and rigged up with the necessary blocks to pull the ships upright. For hours the converter shafts were almost stalled with the engines running at full speed and developing full horsepower. Each time a fraction of an inch was gained on the hoist drum the converter held it and a continuous pull was maintained on each hoist drum all of the time. The ships were righted and the torque converters, working much of the time at zero efficiency, get much of the credit for doing the job. No other known drive would keep the high torque on the drum drive hour after hour without rest. APPLICATIONS OF TORQUE CONVERTERS The torque converter is essentially a hydraulie transmission capable of developing torques varying from full prime-mover torque at about three-quarters speed to five times prime-mover torque at stalled output speed. A drive of this type is very useful in any operation requiring repeated changes in torque requirements, as it automatically selects the proper output torque and output speed for any load within its working limits. Hoists of all natures are the most logical application for torque converters, but study reveals many other suitable applications. One of the early commercial applications of torque converters in large numbers was made in the logging industry of Washington, Oregon, and northern Califor-nia. Internal combustion engines were replacing steam donkey engines on the hoists, but the gear transmissions fell far short of steam engine operation. Torque con- verters were installed on several hoists; they provided hoisting characteristics which did some things it was not possible to do with steam and they allowed loggers to use economical internal combustion engines in place of steam donkey engines. Each section of log to be moved would vary in weight and the hydraulic torque converter automatically selected the maximum speed at which any given log could be moved or hoisted. In yarder hoists the units driving through torque converters are able to hoist the logs at full throttle, hold them suspended at an even elevation while swinging them over the truck bed with the engines at partial throttle, and ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY then lower them against the torque converter as the engine throttle is closed a little more. In this entire operation it is not necessary to touch a single elutch or brake lever from the time the log is hoisted until it is in position on the truck bed. All movements hoisting. holding, and lowering are done by control through the engine throttle only. In addition it has been found that many more logs can be loaded each day with converter-equipped units, and wire line and chockers give materially greater life. Another early commercial application of torque converters was that made to oil-field hoisting equipment, or drawworks. The torque converter proved in the oil fields, as in the logging industry, that it would do more work in a day than similar units not provided with this hydraulic drive. It also proved that over-all maintenance on the rigs was greatly reduced through the protection of the hydraulie drive. The torque converter has its best opportunity to show its advantage in pulling the drill pipe from the hole, as each stand of pipe pulled reduces the weight of the remaining pipe to be hoisted. Time studies taken on rigs equipped with torque converters show that hoisting time is reduced as each stand of pipe is removed, and this is not true on rigs powered with internal combustion engines not equipped with torque converters. The oil-field operators are also using torque converters to provide smooth power to small independent rotary table drives. These remove much of the impact loads and shock from the drill pipe and have proved their advantage in fields where they are suitable. Three interesting pump drives are now being developed in the oil field, including torque converters in the drive. This drive has often been questioned for torque converter application because of the continuous operation with maximum horsepower requirements and the possibility of damage to the pump when the stalled converter develops five times normal torque. Two of the pump drives are very special and are ideally suited for torque converter drives. One is an oil-well cementing pump used where the initial requirements on each job are to provide high-volume, low-pressure fluid. When all cement has been placed, it is necessary to build up and hold very high pressure against the cement until it has set. The other drive is used on an oil-well clean-out pump where the operator desires very high starting pressures to break circulation in the well and then wants to increase the volume rapidly as the pressure required to circulate reduces. Torque converters provide the required power and output torque to perform these jobs with the greatest assurance of successful operation. The late war was responsible for two interesting applications of torque converters. Many of the landing craft were equipped with torque converter drives in their anchor winches. These landing craft drop their anchor several hundred feet before they run up onto the beach. When they have unloaded, the throttle on the anchor winch engine is opened and the drive through the converter puts a strain on the anchor line. This AT TOP: Hydraulic torque converters on oil-well drilling unit improve hoisting performance and reduce maintenance cost. AT BOTTOM: Duplex reciprocating pump driven through torque converter insures maximum pressure and volume under all conditions. (See also cover illustration caption, page 1.) NOVEMBER 1945 strain is greatest at stalled speeds, but is substantial up to a speed equal to the reverse speed of the craft. The hydraulic torque converter insures maximum pull on the anchor line at all times and also sufficient speed on the spooling drum to make sure that all slack is taken up as the boat is floated by the combination of the anchor line pull and action of the waves. Many of the army tractors used in transporting mod. erate field pieces included torque converters in their drive. The latest of these units are powered by iwo 215-horsepower engines, each equipped with its own torque converter. It has been proved that the smooth flow of power to the tractor treads has allowed the converter-equipped tractors to move equipment in areas where other units cannot travel. The army tractors an outgrowth of early developments of Allis-Chalmers with converter-equipped industrial tractors, and Allis-Chalmers is again in production of these units in limited City buses, heavy-duty short-haul trucks, and rail cars show other interesting applications of torque converters to mobile equipment. Many of the newer buses in Los Angeles are now equipped with They can be identified by their rapid acceleration and even engine speed. No change in exhaust sound can he detected as the buses pick up speed, since they do not shift gears and the engines maintain maximum speed at all times. The loss of efficiency at high road speeds limits the use of torque converters, but this is not a problem on city buses in view of the number of stops and starts they make and the short distances they travel at high speeds. Rail cars present a different problem. They require high starting torque and smooth application of power to the wheels in starting the trains. but they also require full power and speed between stops. Special direct-drive converters are used for drives on buses and rail cars so the operator can shift from converter drive to direct drive when the high starting torque is not required. Many other suitable applications will no doubt be developed for torque converters. At the present time plans are being made for off-the-highway trucks with a pounds, powered by two 200- horsepower engines driving through torque converters. Fishing boats are also using converters to provide a constant strain on the lines used in recovering their The Navy uses torque converters on sub- marine net hoists guarding one southern California LIMITATIONS OF TORQUE CONVERTERS Care must be used in selecting the ratio of all drives in connection with torque converters in order that they may do most of the work in the efficient range of the converter. The high torque developed in the output shaft also places added loads on all conventional gear trains installed in many pieces of machinery. The loss of an average of 25 per cent of power through the converter makes this type of drive undesirable in those units operating at their maximum horsepower capacity and relative uniform loads for long periods of time. SUMMARY OF HYDRO-KINETIC DRIVES Both hydraulic couplings and hydraulie torque converters require relative high input speeds in order to operate to their best advantage. Industrial internal combustion engines operating at 1400 rpm and greater rates suitable for use with the present hydraulir Both drives provide smooth starting of loads, Page 16 prevent overloading and stalling the prime mover, and absorh much of the torsional vibration of the engines. Couplings are suitable on constant-speed, constant-torque drives where elciency in excess of 95 per cent is desired. Torque converters are adaptable to those operations in which the prime mover will be operated at various speeds and loads, and where the output speed and torque varies with successive operations. There are many applications in which couplings and converters not suitable, and many more suitable applications will be developed as more experience is gained with these drives. Each new development will require careful study of the operations to be performed and careful engineering to select proper speed and torque requirements. POSITIVE HYDRAULIC DRIVES In addition to the hydro-kinetic units which have been described. there are several fine positive hydraulic drive units in widespread use in industry. These units are often built into various machine tools and generally develop but a low horsepower. In this type of drive a hydraulic pump provides a flow of Auid at the required pressure and volume for the drive, The nd is calien thro suitable lines to the positive-driven hydraulic motor. most types of positive drive units either the pump or the motor has a variable volume control to regulate the speed of the driven unit. One of the manufacturers of positive hydraulie drives very aptly compares his mil with an electric generator and an electric motor. hydraulic pump generates hydraulie power which can he transported reasonable distances and around obstructions to the hydraulie motor, just as electricity can be carried over wires. The power developed depends upon the volume and pressure of the fluid. just as electric power depends upon the voltage and current. hydraulie drives have three outstanding characteristics. The hydraulic motors can be reversed very easily. a wide range of motor speeds can be ob tained, and the hydraulic power can easily be transported reasonable distances through suitable pipes. The hv-draulic fluid is in a closed circuit so that it is used repeatedly. The positive hydraulie drive units do not have the ability to absorb shock loade which is so characteristic of the hydro-kinetic drives. ESSENTIAL OILS (Continued from Page 9) for plant life and as if. beeause of the nature of the oils. the plant reacted by walling them off. as is also the case when intradermal oil injections are made in animals. The question has repeatedly come up as to what fune-tion the oils could have in plants. and many guesses have been made. such as the attraction of insects for pollination, protection against snails or other enemies. sealing of wounds, varnish against excessive evaporation. etc. The experimental evidence for these opinions is not very strong: it rests on a few individual experiments which do not allow generalization. The interesting field of the biochemistry of the oils. which also includes our perception of these as odors and favors, is still practicall a closed book. Our chief interest up to the present has been to enrich our statistical knowledge. mostly in view of commercial advan-tages. A diversion of this interest to the underlying biochemical principles will undoubtedly be of benefit to all concerned. ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY Ziberde arte diftillandi. de implicibus. Bas buch der rechten kunft zu diftilieren die eingigê ding von icrongmo Brunewyge bürtig on wund argor der feiferlie fryé pare traßbang. Essential Oils By A. J. HAAGEN-SMIT NE of the attractions of the subject of essential oils appears in ils manifold aspects, its interest to the chemist, the plant physiologist, the pharma-cologist, the historian, and, last but not least, the psy-chologist. When the historian and the psychologist are discussing this subject, they may well argue about the question of why Ulysses, the Greek traveler, was detained by Circe. The answer is that she used an odoriferous principle, which many present-day oil firms would like to lay their hands on. A similar secret was possessed b Helen of Troy, to whom Venus revealed a secret per-fume, which was responsible for her fabulous beauty. While the secret of such magic perfumes was lost, later generations tried to make up for this in quantity. and even wise men, such as Diogenes, could not escape paying attention to the subject of perfumes. He is reported to have remarked that it was most wastelul to pour the oil on the head, whence the scent rose in the air and benefited only whereas by using il upon the feet one bathed the whole body in the delightful odors. The important place these substances look gauged from the opposition they created. Solon, among the Greeks, and Julius Caesar, among the Romans. for bade the sale of perfumes, which sometimes were show-ered over the guests from the ceiling of the building. During the reign of King George III, in 1771, the British Parliament passed the following law: "All women of whatever age, rank, profession or degree whatever, vir-gins, maids or widows, that shall from and after this act impose upon, seduce and betray into matrimony any of His Majesty's subjects by the use of scents, paints. cosmetics, washes, artificial teeth, false hair, spanish wool (a kind of rouge), iron stays, hoops, high-heeled shoes or bolstered hips shall incur the penalty of the law now in force against witcheraft and like misde- meanors and the marriage upon conviction shall stand null and void." It has been suggested that if fines should take the place of imprisonment, our problems of taxation would be solved.* In any case, legislation in such matters is not confined to the past. A similar unimaginative and un-emotional law agency is the Federal Food and Drugs Administration, which refuses to believe in the scents which clear befuddled minds, help in all illnesses, and at the same time lead to thrilling adventures and ro- mance. From the reactions of such governing bodies. we may conclude that the interest of the people in these oils has been great and the urge must have been strong to increase the number of perfomes. The discovery and conquest of countries and the waging of wars were chiefly caused by the desire to increase the wealth of the conqueror, and down the course of history perfumes and spices have been of prime consideration in this respect. *J. Igatr Verrill, Portumes and Spices, 1. C. Page di Co, Beston (1940). NOVEMBER 1945 un getruckt durch den wohlgeachte Jobannem grueninger zu Strassburg in den acbte tag des megen als man selt von der geburt Cbmsti funfgebnbundert. Lob sy got. Enno 1500. Fle. I. Title page of a book on distillation, by Brunschwig (printed in 1500). In the early periods the resins and oils obtained from plants were burned on altars, and extensive recipes are found in Egyptian manuscripts. The Israelites. their exile in Egypt, became acquainted with the use of these pertumes and salves, and some of their recipes are recorded in the Old Testament. where it is stated that the Lord ordered Moses: "Take unto thee three principal spices: pure myrrh. 500 shekels, and sweet cinamon half so much and of sweet calamus, 250 shekels, and of cassia. 500 shekels, and of olive oil a hin." While only crude resins and oils were used chiefly in ointments and in certain combinations, as incense to be burned, progress in scientifie research made it possible to separate the volatile and odoriferous principles from the plant material. This was a great step forward, since it made it possible to preserve the smell and flavor of a much larger number of plants. It had been observed that boiling water carries with it the volatile material and that after condensation strongly smelling oil drop-lets appear on the surface of the water. droplets soon form a liquid, to which is given the name of essential oils, because they are easily volatile and are thus distinguished from the fatty oils. The volatility and the derivation from plants are the characteristie proper-ties of these oils, and it is for this reason customary to include volatile plant oils obtained by other means than direct steam distillation, Bitter almond, mustard. Page 7 The second principal method consists in extraction with fats and vaseline. This process is especially used to concentrate flower oils. which would be easily decomposed at the higher temperature during water distillation. In the extrac- tion with fats. we can distinguish two methods: 1. Use of liquid fat under heating, called maceration: and 2. Enfleurage, whereby the vol atile material is absorbed in suh-stances such as vaseline and parallin. at room lemperature. Th1s last method is especially used on flowers which have a low content of oil but are continnously producing and evaporating their fragrant substances. In this way it is possible with jasmine. for er-ample. to obtain by enfleurage five limes more essential oil than by extraction with some solvent. The enfleurage is carried out hy FIG. 2. "Rosenhut," distillation apparatus of 1500. Reproduced from Gilde- meister and Hoffmann, Die Atherischen Ole, p. 224 (1910). putting the flowers on wooder rames about two inches high anc two or three feet square, in which a glass plate is placed. On both and wintergreen oil obtained enzy matic action. or lemon and orange oil atained by simple pressing. can be distilled with steam and are therefore included among the essential oils. Also included are oils obtained hy extraction. sides of the glass plate is applied a fatty laver on which the flowers are spread. On top of this frame a new one is placed, flled in the same way. until large stacks of these frames are piled one upon another. The essential oils given off by the Howers are taken up by fat, and the same fatty layer can take up the essence of many layers MANUFACTURE OF THE OILS of new Howers. The absorbent material. the fat or vaseline, is then The distillation of steam is the most frequently applied removed by treatment with alcohol or other solvents. separation method for these oils. The amount of com- and the resulting concentrated flower extract is ready to pounds which we find in the essential oils boiling be- he sold. tween 150-300° C. their vapor pressure at 100° C.. the boiling point of water. is considerable-for camphor CHEMISTRY OF THE OILS the chief component of oil of The oils and extracts obtained in these ways consist of turpentine. 147 mm. In a mixture of oil and water the contributes. therefore. materially towards reaching the atmospheric pressure at which distillation occurs and will boil at a temperature somewhat lower than 100°. te. 96°. whereas without the help of water the pineno C. The components of the distillation less exposed to higher temperatures: less decomposition takes place. and a better-smelling product is obtained. The essential oils in plants contained in cells. mostly with reinforced walls. It is necessary before distillation to open up these oil containers by grinding or cutting the seeds or other parts of the plant. simplest form, this material is poured into a still; the outside is heated and the vapor condensed. This procedure was described by Herodotus and Pliny. but the method is still used in the country by farmers, whose do not differ greatly from those shown in Figs. 1. 2 and 3. By the more modern methods, the water vapor necessary for carrying over the oil is produced in a apparatus and steam is bloun through the plant material. The production of this type of oil is limited in the United States to oil of turpentine. peppermint. eucalyptus, erigeron. witch-hazel, worm- rood. and lemon grass, Page 8 FIG. 3. Distillation apparatus with condenser tubes. Reproduced from Gildemeister and Hoffmann, Die Atherischen Ole, p. 226(1910). ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY a great variety of substances. Some of these may con- stitute an odoriferous principle; others will be odorless impurities, or may even detract from the value of the oil by their smell or, for example, their solubility prop. erties. In the search for pure principles and possible means of preparing these synthetically, considerable efforts have been made in the analysis of the oil. It has been found that the oil consists of compounds belonging to many groups of organic compounds, consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and in some cases containing in addition sulphur and nitrogen. It is possible to arrange these compounds in which, because of their structure, suggest similarity in their formations. One group of substances consists of molecules of straight-chain hydrocarbons, such as we find in Pinus sabinus, which gives us an oil consisting of 70 per cent n-heptane, resembling normal gasoline. Other representatives of this group are found in the stearoptenes present in precipitates formed in many oils. Another group consists of substitution products of benzene, chiefly n-propylbenzene derivatives; examples of these substances are to be found in eugenol. from clove oil. A third group contains a number of compounds which show connections with nitrogen metabolism, such indole in orange Howers and allyl isocyanates in mustard oils. A fourth group that we may distinguish consists mostly of hydroaromatic hydrocarbons and their oxygen derivatives. These compounds show a remarkable simi-Jarity in their structure, since they can be divided into a number of branched C, chains, as shown in Fig. 4. This building principle links the components of essential oils called terpenes (Co), sesquiterpenes (Cys) with the diterpenes (Co) present in resins, vitamin A, and the chlorophyll alcohol, phytol. Triterpenes with 30 carbon atoms are built along the same lines; we find saponins present in the roots of some plants. Many of the yellow C=C-C= C-0=C-C-C-C=G-CH, OH C-G=0-G-G-C=C-G-C-C=C-CH,OH ce.o-ago-o-ap-60-009-00-0-810-6-040 C-C=C-C-C-C=C-C-C-C=C-C_G-G=0-0-0-G=0-0-0-0=0-0-0-0=0-0-c-G=0-0 or orange plant pigments belong to the tetraterpenes with 40 carbon atoms. In natural Hevea, as well as guayule, the same principle unites 1000-2000 of these Cs units. FORMATION IN THE PLANT On the basis of the structural peculiarities of the components, we can draw the conclusion that the complexity of the oil composition is caused by the excretion or secretion of products formed in many metabolic processes taking place in the plant. Microscopic examination of the plant shows that only distinct cells or spaces in the plant tissue are filled with oily droplets, which are difficult to distinguish from fatty oils. In many cases these glands are epidermal cells or modifications of these. such as the excretion hairs. The secretion product is usually accumulated outside the cell between cuticula and the rest of the cell wall. A slight touch is sufficient to break this thin outer membrane and to cause the release of the oil with its typical smell. The internal glands are spread throughout the plant and these intracellular glands have often grown to form long canals, coated on the inside with a layer of thin-walled cells. The oil is deposited in these canals, but the exact place of their formation is not known. Also the circumstances under which the oils are secreted are far from known. It is suspected that for many of the oil components a relation exists with photosynthetic activity, whereby carbon dioxide is reduced and synthesized to carbohydrate. A support is given to these ideas by studies on the effect of climatic and soil conditions, whereby it has been shown that generally light favors formation of the oils and that the optimum coincides with the most active growth period in plant life. It would seem as if many of the secreted compounds were by products in a number of syntheses important (Continued on Page 16) (isoprene) Hemiterpenes 5 (geraniol in rose oil) 10 Terpenes (farnesol in rose oil) 15 Sesquiterpenes (phytol in chlorophyll) 20 Diterpenes (squalene in shark oil) 30 Triterpenes (lycopene in tomatoes) 40 Tetraterpenes (caoutchouk in hevea rubver) Polyterpenes FIG. 4. NOVEMBER 1945 Page 9 strain is greatest at stalled speeds, but is substantial up to a speed equal to the reverse speed of the craft. The hydraulic torque converter insures maximum pull on the anchor line at all times and also sufficient speed on the spooling drum to make sure that all slack is taken up as the boat is floated by the combination of the anchor line pull and action of the waves. Many of the army tractors used in transporting mod. erate field pieces included torque converters in their drive. The latest of these units are powered by iwo 215-horsepower engines, each equipped with its own torque converter. It has been proved that the smooth flow of power to the tractor treads has allowed the converter-equipped tractors to move equipment in areas where other units cannot travel. The army tractors an outgrowth of early developments of Allis-Chalmers with converter-equipped industrial tractors, and Allis-Chalmers is again in production of these units in limited City buses, heavy-duty short-haul trucks, and rail cars show other interesting applications of torque converters to mobile equipment. Many of the newer buses in Los Angeles are now equipped with They can be identified by their rapid acceleration and even engine speed. No change in exhaust sound can he detected as the buses pick up speed, since they do not shift gears and the engines maintain maximum speed at all times. The loss of efficiency at high road speeds limits the use of torque converters, but this is not a problem on city buses in view of the number of stops and starts they make and the short distances they travel at high speeds. Rail cars present a different problem. They require high starting torque and smooth application of power to the wheels in starting the trains. but they also require full power and speed between stops. Special direct-drive converters are used for drives on buses and rail cars so the operator can shift from converter drive to direct drive when the high starting torque is not required. Many other suitable applications will no doubt be developed for torque converters. At the present time plans are being made for off-the-highway trucks with a pounds, powered by two 200- horsepower engines driving through torque converters. Fishing boats are also using converters to provide a constant strain on the lines used in recovering their The Navy uses torque converters on sub- marine net hoists guarding one southern California LIMITATIONS OF TORQUE CONVERTERS Care must be used in selecting the ratio of all drives in connection with torque converters in order that they may do most of the work in the efficient range of the converter. The high torque developed in the output shaft also places added loads on all conventional gear trains installed in many pieces of machinery. The loss of an average of 25 per cent of power through the converter makes this type of drive undesirable in those units operating at their maximum horsepower capacity and relative uniform loads for long periods of time. SUMMARY OF HYDRO-KINETIC DRIVES Both hydraulic couplings and hydraulie torque converters require relative high input speeds in order to operate to their best advantage. Industrial internal combustion engines operating at 1400 rpm and greater rates suitable for use with the present hydraulir Both drives provide smooth starting of loads, Page 16 prevent overloading and stalling the prime mover, and absorh much of the torsional vibration of the engines. Couplings are suitable on constant-speed, constant-torque drives where elciency in excess of 95 per cent is desired. Torque converters are adaptable to those operations in which the prime mover will be operated at various speeds and loads, and where the output speed and torque varies with successive operations. There are many applications in which couplings and converters not suitable, and many more suitable applications will be developed as more experience is gained with these drives. Each new development will require careful study of the operations to be performed and careful engineering to select proper speed and torque requirements. POSITIVE HYDRAULIC DRIVES In addition to the hydro-kinetic units which have been described. there are several fine positive hydraulic drive units in widespread use in industry. These units are often built into various machine tools and generally develop but a low horsepower. In this type of drive a hydraulic pump provides a flow of Auid at the required pressure and volume for the drive, The nd is calien thro suitable lines to the positive-driven hydraulic motor. most types of positive drive units either the pump or the motor has a variable volume control to regulate the speed of the driven unit. One of the manufacturers of positive hydraulie drives very aptly compares his mil with an electric generator and an electric motor. hydraulic pump generates hydraulie power which can he transported reasonable distances and around obstructions to the hydraulie motor, just as electricity can be carried over wires. The power developed depends upon the volume and pressure of the fluid. just as electric power depends upon the voltage and current. hydraulie drives have three outstanding characteristics. The hydraulic motors can be reversed very easily. a wide range of motor speeds can be ob tained, and the hydraulic power can easily be transported reasonable distances through suitable pipes. The hv-draulic fluid is in a closed circuit so that it is used repeatedly. The positive hydraulie drive units do not have the ability to absorb shock loade which is so characteristic of the hydro-kinetic drives. ESSENTIAL OILS (Continued from Page 9) for plant life and as if. beeause of the nature of the oils. the plant reacted by walling them off. as is also the case when intradermal oil injections are made in animals. The question has repeatedly come up as to what fune-tion the oils could have in plants. and many guesses have been made. such as the attraction of insects for pollination, protection against snails or other enemies. sealing of wounds, varnish against excessive evaporation. etc. The experimental evidence for these opinions is not very strong: it rests on a few individual experiments which do not allow generalization. The interesting field of the biochemistry of the oils. which also includes our perception of these as odors and favors, is still practicall a closed book. Our chief interest up to the present has been to enrich our statistical knowledge. mostly in view of commercial advan-tages. A diversion of this interest to the underlying biochemical principles will undoubtedly be of benefit to all concerned. ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY Russians are permitted to prevent free exchange of knowledge and opinion. We have no reason to believe that Russia has any warlike intentions, nor has Russia reason to think that we have. but in this matter. believing is not enough: we must know and so must they. Mutual promises and assurances are not suffcient; all must be willing to submit to whatever control is necessary to insure that no one nation or small group of nations can secretly prepare for aggression and menace other nations. This means that the barriers must be broken down at whatever cost. The alternative is war. A GROUP OPINION In an open letter to the President and the Congress of the United States of America, members of the faculty of the California Institute of Technology and of the staffs of the Huntington Library and Mt. Wilson Observatory seek to present their conclusions on atomic energy legislation in the hope that their views may be helpful to the President and to the legislators in arriving at a means of control for the atom bomb. This action has been an outgrowth of a series of weekly seminars which started in early October at C.I.T. Participating in the seminars and stating their views on the problems of the atomic age have been men who understand the full implications of the problem in-volved. Among the leaders in the discussions were: Dr. Robert A. Millikan, Dr. Charles C. Lauritsen, Dr. Paul S. Epstein, Dean Ernest C. Watson. and Dr. Linus Pauling. association with the work done in the atomic field and their sincerity in hoping for a solution to control the atomic bomb through international understanding and agreement adds importance to the letter which we are printing in this issue. It merits profound An Open Letter to the President and the Congress of the United States of America WE. the undersigned, address you in our capacity as private citizens concerned about the future of our country and of civilization itself if faced by another war. We have studied and discussed the atomic-energy legis-now before Congress and have formulated such conclusions as we are able to reach for whatever use you and the country at large may wish to make of them. Almost any sacrifice to bring about international responsibility is justified. We believe that World War II has demonstrated with fearful clarity the urgency of intelligent, informed. persistent and sacrificial effort by all nations to prevent the occurrence of a still greater catastrophe. We believe with Niels Bohr that "only international control of every undertaking which might constitute danger to world security will in the future permit aug nation to strive for prosperity and cultural development without constant fear of disaster. We believe that scientific facts cannot be kept secret for long, and that other nations will discover how to make atomic bombs within a years. Unless that short time is used to establish international control. an armament race may ensue with results even more 1is- astrous than they have been in the past. We believe. therefore. that the United States should take the lead in negotiations seeking to establish this international control with its appropriate inspection procedures. The first step is national control. Immediate action is necessary. precede inter- national control. Therefore. commission should be set up immediately to execute this control. We believe that additional functions of this commis- sion should be (1) to advise in the formulation of policies and procedures for international control. and (2) to protect and foster scientifie research on atomir energy and its utilization for non-military purposes in Page 4 order that the achievement of nuclear fission may prove a boon to mankind instead of a menace to civilization. We believe that this commission must have broad powers. We say this in spite of the fact that the very idea of control and secrecy would be intolerable to all of us if such restrictions were not necessary. We accepted controls during the war as essential to victory: we believe that we must now accept controls as equally essential to peace. The composition of the Control Commission is of utmost importance. We believe that the nature of the phenomena attending the release of atomic energy and its exploitation makes it mandatory that the Control Commission be chosen from science as well as from industry govemment. Moreover, only a commission on which science is ade- fairly judge the degrce to which freedom of scientific research needs to be restricted We believe, moreover, that the personnel of the commission should represent in knowledge, integrity, and ability the best that is available without regard to political affiliation or official position, and that they should approve international control as an ultimale objective. We believe that. while the Johnson-Mar Bill in its present form may require substantial modification. should not be allowed to this action. prevent prompt and decisive We pledge support to an all-out effort in the cause of international cooperation. We believe that you, truly representing the desire of the American people. are exerting yourselves to the utmost in the cause of a new world order of international cooperation in which the menace and fear of war will be eliminated. To this end we pledge our support. We believe that you will not fail us. You will not fail a world which is looking to you for courageous leadership. November 8. 1945 ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY CA Andasm Few Gnerg Hahi Bateok Richarf he badged golus Barber Faus Eughn Plauge Beralle Chry S. Bhus -:Su Farguhan Gengefengu Josh Zoladue Consad 20r Joseplime Sanat Edwin F. Gay. Tran M. Sebut Theodore o. Dalman he V. Gradman Castard SBerdon Amquene Profeanor of Phyeica, Californte tastitute of Technolog Research Analatent, aliforila Enatitute of Technology Graduate Student in Biology, attorta Institute et Technoloß) le tronomer, Mt, WIlson Observatory Bessarch Statt Monte 6: Tecnosoes Cal tfornia Institute Associate Professor of Cheniatry, alIfornis Institute of Ischnoloar Stoel Corporation, Ltd, lesearch Asauciate In Physica, Cal1- Forte Tatua, of Thie tu: fornia at Los Angelen Comptroller, Californta Inatituta of Rapostate Ciratar, Rare Boose, Bustington LIbrary prottarot of Mathecat/09 jechnolog Cettornte Inatitute of Reseseco Aselatant in Btolog, canfernla Inattute of lechniolog Red16 Techmictan 0e11fomie Inatitute of Dochnoicer Supertieor, Rending, Roon, Ornduste Student to Biolog, CalLfornis Instgtute of Techaologr Jesearch Aaniatena in perle us California Inesteute of technelog Visiting Professor of Blulor, californta Institute on Zechnolog Associate Professor of anellak, Univoretty of CalAtorta, Senta Berbera Collese: Research Start Fronnology 0s 1fornta Insttoute of Pacanalog Inatroson in Medfotne, Untrerulty ot Souther: Celtforte Chalntet, Restarch Group. Bunt Loaton Librery tosociate Profeanor of Musintas Beonontes, Research Asaletant to Chentaurt, Catirornie Instisite of technology Creduate Stadorin Un Chemiatry, Caltrornin Enatituse of Dechnele Alumma, DalCornia Inaticute of Rochnology- Angeles Schoole. Regearch Aestetent in Blotoey, Californta Tnatitare of Technology Cratere si tuto of Tecnolog Profeeaor of Sto-Organte Chemistry, Califorte InetItute of Technolog Dorothy Boun 95.Bowm Pa Borinau Outhow Bryhio 1 stanly CBiket Prapat l Caupcal Parhana Chare Richad Colen Said 8 Collins Garachy Cione Fandy boran Avanstarreuda Plily Hayward mack Holzwan Milton {. Humason Lown wo fole sepping Hughly. Edethet Walken 24 Kunz P. Kyropone os Cel tfornte Inettoute of Teshnology Profeasor of Stochentotry, Celtfornte institute of Technology Seelerent, BintArator Ltbrary Professor of Phyetce, Aselecant Professor of Languages, Californits Inatitute of Benearch Asntatant In Cheutesry, Baton & hat e o Tates Sesretery, Onlitornle Inabitute of Lechnolo Asalatant Protensor of Machantcel Encineering, Cattoria Inetttute of Technology Menher, Reossrch Group, Huntinaton Librery Enitorta Institute of Juntor Phystotat, Contract ODMer-2131, aliforta institute or Technolos Califorata Inatitute Reeurch Aantatant in Malpay: Californie Inatttute of Technology Resseron Asslatent In Aercautica cantore nettouse of becneros 61tfornte Inetttute of Toshroloe Angineerina, Onltrornte Inatitute of Rado Encansen California inettoute of Technolog Antronouer, Mount Wilson Boaertatory Festos Genern: Nanager, Hotsy Restine Assodinte Professor of English and fechnology Astrononer, Hount WLlBor Observatory Protessor of Engi fal. Lerumege and Leanno loga Castrator fastelo Sechno1089 Beseurch Secretery, Puntington Library Asacelato Profeasor of lydrvlle Instneering, sechnolony CalIfonte Inalatute.ef ero dette of Technolo Inetructor in Mechantoal Doztneertne, ote or o Professor of Chenteal Engineering, Professor of Escnouten, aiforte Tratttuto of technolor Wille 1 Darment Geafny Daesis Zevnett Deve, 9 aJ. Dekker Palud Hany lay lm Stalay Emenn Parl 1. Epsteiu Ruth E. Estey Base esaurton підем ХХ. Ііцинат David A Land 1 Pindual Ше г. Кіроств, р nettee Martuitie 98. Unalen V.Au Marastadt Margaret O Meracle PaulZumenill Aristitle D. Michal J. nulula Mille Castronta Inatitute of Technolog Katorart Pheeate d etroice Head Cataloguer, Department of Manucripte Inetiructor in Mechantcal Brgineering, saltorie Tat tute of Pachnolog Lacturer in Englieh, Califorta Asepolete lingleb, Untversity of Southern Calttornia. lecher, Essearch Orop. Buntington Library Rescarch Staft Mesber, Caltromta loutitute of Technology Balter & reatie redoloe California Inetitute of Tactinolog Adacolate Profeseon of English, Associete Profssor of Genetica, Protesos of Theocatdest Physten, cal trombe Inattute se Technology Professor Californis Institute of Technolog of lachnoliper Enoperty Accountent, Cal L'ornde Instituto of Technoloes Aaslotant Protessor of Aeronautica, Callforne Institute of Technoloer Taschine Peltow In Fhystce, Cm torile intitute of Teahnolowy Proteusor of Blectrical and Mechuntost Technology lesesponese venti tentater s Califoria InstItute of Rechnology Read Catalogas, Printed Booka, Huntington Librew Profesaor of Electoloal Enzinvering cal teoris Inatitute of Technology Rebearch Worken, California Inetitute Aspletent Profesuor of Eleotrical SecretAry-Stenogrspher, Ascagetors offico, Huntington Librer Antrosoner, Mount. Wilson Obeertetery e arte asta de eco208) Clargs Milliten Robrita Mieisau Lilian V. Margau Mus M Morgan Wuni 6 huno KennechR.Mussen RiTR Martel X Zictr Nehn. SutB. Nelolen Care Numaun Esthe houtke Hayde haya Rihard M. Noyes Pull Olume a apachenia Caistornta Inetitute of Technology Ener Itus Profseabe of Pbynlos, Cal trornia Inatitute of leonnology Studant of Biology, dal1foris Inatitute of Recheoloer Sastoa Pte e boaroion iwitle trotenaon of Hletony and Corernnent, Caltfomia Inatftute ot Rodlo Bechntetan, Cai Ifornda Instttute of Technology Celttorla Inatttute of Technalosy Ptoteseor of Plystce, Caltrornia Inatitute of Tachnology Aatronomer, Mount Rileon Obsermatory a outen, ef Techosoel Profensor of Orzanid Cheatatzy, Caltrornie, Inetitute of rochnology Cal tromia Ipatitute of Technolor Indsoemss so suonsedod Bosorns Research Peliow in Chentatiy, Cal ifaris Instftute of Tectinologs Catelopon, Fibited Boazs, Research Asststant in B1010gr, Califorate Inatttute of Mechnoloey 1 R UheuLenme Elii Pair Recana, Pitcher Touce $f. Iitney Harlan K Pract Mary Simpro Pratt Ni EData Helenclare Famsey derme Reamunsen Tohts el Uha BRickte, mangut Mantur Sulsn Квл Profcasor of Theoretteal Physioa, Oaltromla inatisute of Technology Graddate Stident Sn Blochenlerry, Cal 13ottitn Instátute of Techno-02x hetrononer, Mount WIleon Obaervatory Ixecutive Asaletant, Huntington Librery Anstatant Superviaor, Readine Rooa, Bunt Inaton Library Rossarch Poltov in Biolowy Callfornts Inetttuto of Pechnotgay Dataloguer, Printed Booke, Huntington D1brury ndera taslatent bo metomanstca caltrornta Inesitute of fechnologs Resvarch Aselatant in Bloloe, Califorsta Inetitute of Fochnolog7 Leborstost Tachaicten In Ploipey. RosBarch Asstatant ln Cheaistry, Calttornta Enetitute of Tachnology Свототи чт атаятяву цалазо CAlifornta Inutitute of Technology Astrononer, Mount Wilson Observatary Dalirot Pet or Teohnosce Graduste Stident In Phyatcs, Caltromnte Institute of Technology Rorcoottanford. N. C. Sclunk Then.A H. 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Stenost Tohut I Stectos Professor of Chentcel Engineering, Caltfornla Institute of Technologs Astronomer, Mount Wileon Ohservatory Curator of Manusoripte, Huntington Library Research Assoclate, Carpegle Inetitution of Hashington Asaocdato professor of Alrplane Strugturas, Celtfornia Inatitute of Curator of Rare Booka, Hunt trigton Ilbrary Inatruotor in Engliah, Calttarnia Institute ot Technologs Ressarch Aasistant In Chemtatry, Califomnia Inatitute of Technologs Calttornda Institute of Technologs Researoh Engineer, Jet Propulaton Laboratory, Callfomta Institute of Technology Profeseor of Electrical Bngtneering, Caltfornla Institute of Technology Resoargh Fellow in Phyatca, Calitornta Inatitute of Technology Aastatant Protensor of Bnzl.iah, Californta Inatitute of Technolosy crotrorara of Btstote of Tachro206) Angtetrnt To tu o Atechautien, Alumus, Caltfornia Inetitute of Technologs. Reasarch, Union 0tl Co. of Caltfornta Cleikn Stock Sutsf Stambay Yost, slrong adtturterant Erwasdeffurft Hem A Girelat Zw.tay Nebed Tyler wght bais Horgan Wardl I b. loation erorogeor or raleontoiopr,californss Asetstant Comptrotier, Ceitromta Thetitute of Technology Astrononer, Mount Wilaod Obeerrstory egtvont Protaor %, Preshro10es arofeotot of Stette be Techrosoey Protesaoe of AnaiVileal Cheulatry, CaitCornte Inetttute of rechrorce Micro-anelyst, Californle Tnetltute of Technolory Craders & hai 1te 0 aree Calttomin Instisure os Déchnolosy Rosearch Abgistent In Bioloes, Csztrornt. Institute af Sochroises oiin sosak detor sSRD Dontrust OMR-aBE, CalLrorata tratlauto on Teahno_gg ne tutam Pretoong. anten oo Beat Pater & Nete eotort Tabes 19cometes EeTreron iRitee or Tecesioe Same stick Поможе Philip E Wiluon Margans V. Werian preplune cerlliaus Patude tém les Halsh S. lirtson Raeph 4. Winger 00 Wnten Doris Marion Wright EnsBLuED foris, B Cihight Dor m yoot Seacetary, Cilifomia Inetttute of Tacbnoloes Aasootate Profssaor ar Physlology, Raifort f hottee orectee ReBesrch Fellbu ln Blology, Caiiforain Institute of Pechnology Postio thice Pooke, Calitomia Inatftute of Rechnoloe Sectetery and Reseasch odero 1oey Astrononer, Mount Hilson Obserrstom Rasearch iseoctate ta Chetcas Eneinee-toe, Cristornte Tracarute or Ktara set te or Betresee ReseArch Po.10* Buntineton Urery Сано, popenent of матеря, PLNSPCAISCSMODRXESC80S ec itornts Inatitute of lectnolopy Mether, Rosegrch, Group, Hinttnston Pretecdor ons orcan lo chematry Cartron to Tatsrute of Cechoot.oer Tna Mame RL Daugherty Вшя P. Olunh А то Унин Spiro Kuzoponles 8L5 Lamu Frerk f. Maline Mnatwen foh Mrua Urlliam Otto silAips Ali Rucl Jeuy Dowshue Grhe a Schuty, Austen R.Wätrheftg Californte Inetttute ot Technology Professar of Mechantcal Bnatneerisg, Californta Institute of Zectnology Asststent Professor of Matheuatioe, Caltfomia Inatitute of Tochnology Technicel Maeletant in Ceology, Californte Inatitute of Technozors Reeesrch Paliow Calttomia Institute of Pachnolog} Gradiate Studeat in Geoloer, Osltfornte Institute of Technolog) eatanuoay зо toesegasa sumatoy maahes tinao atenti tr Cecnhiétca Califomie Inatitute of Technolog/ rontotant ie bor o oosonoloey TBATOEm1a Inatitute of Toana1oay Aastatant Profeneor of Meteprologi, Aseoelate Professor of Metabrol0g3, Ca1iPornta Institute of Technology Cal:fornta Inatituto of Tachoology Teltrirtor ta Tietar of Tochrozog Teaching Feliow ia Chemtatry, Californla Tnstiitute of Terhnologg and home" games have been scheduled with Occidental. Pomona. Whittier, and Redlands. Additional contests will be scheduled with U.S. C.. U. C. L. A.. Pepperdine. and various service units. All home games will again he played at the Pasadena Armory. The schedule: Sat. Dec. 1 Whittier Fri. Dec. 7 Occidental Fri. Dec. 14 Caltech Fri. Dec. 21 Caltech Sat. Jan. 5 Caltech Fri. Jan. 11 Redlands at Caltech at Caltech at Redlands at U. C. L. A. at Whittier at Caltech Sat. Jan. 12 Caltech Sat. Jan. 18 Caltech at Pomona Fri. Jan. 25 Caltech Sat. Jan. 26 Pepperdine at Caltech Sat. Feb. 2 The Institute has just announced the appointment of Mason Anderson to the physical education staff. son was stationed at the Institute as a chief specialist in the Navy V.12 unit from May, 1914, to June. 1915. and coached the 1911 football team which produced such an enviable record. Prior to entering service. Ander- son coached the high school teams at Trinidad. (olorado. Raton. New Mexico, and Colorado Springs. Colorado. to several championships. Having recently received his discharge from the Navy. Anderson took up his duties i the Institute at the opening of the semester on October 29 and at present will supervise the physical education and intramural program and assist Coach Shy in coach- had recently returned to the United States after spending a vear in the battle areas of Europe in the capacity of a director of communications. His job was to supply communication facilities for all the armed forces and hospitals. These facilities included telephone. telegraph (for coded messages. and manually operated Of the many problems encountered in the tremendous job of maintaining communications, two seemed to stand out as the toughest. For one thing. the field wires were necessarily strung along the side of roads because the fields had not been cleared of land mines. Mr. Hitchcock said the Germans had placed literally millions of mines in very effective locations, doing the damage they were intended to do in a very efficient manner. If it had been possible to string wires across country the work would have been made much easier. The second problem was an outcome of the first. Because of the fact that wires were strung along roads. communications were continually interrupted by war vehicles of various sorts. breaking the wires when they accidentally left the road. In most cases distance between repeater stations was not too great. when a break occurred, a complete new line would be strung between stations rather than take the time to hunt for the interference. As a result of this, the trees. hedgerows. poles, etc. were festooned with miles of wires of various sizes and purposes, making it almost impossible to identify any one line. Mr. Hitchcock paid high tribute to the men in the armed forces who through their ingenuity were able to erect and maintain communication facilities under very OCTOBER ALUMNI MEETING By W. H. SIMPSON …HE October meeting of the Alumm Association wa • a dinner meeting held at the Universit Club in Los Angeles with Al Knight, class of 1922, as host. In the absence of Charley Varney. the meeting was ably presided over by Allen Laws. '26. vice-president of the Association. There were 68 people for dinner. including three members of the faculty and about six guests, which made a fairly good turnout. The speaker was H. W. Hitcheock. chief engineer of the Southern California Telephone Co. Mr. Hitchcock MAJOR EDWIN R. KENNEDY RECEIVES CITATION Major Edwin R. Kennedy. Air Force, was awarded the Legion of Merit in July by the Commanding General. United States Forces. China Theater. at the Edgewood Arsenal where he is presently stationed. The citation reads as follows: "Major Edwin R. Kennedy. 0 339 409. Air Corps. is awarded the Legion of Merit for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding service from 21 May 1947 to 26 January 1945 as technician in charge of producing a gasoline substitute for motor vehicle use in China. Adequate quantities of motor rehicle gasoline could not be brought over the "Hump' owing to limited air tonnage allotments, and Major Kennedy was brought to China to develop a local product for use as a substitute. After conducting large number of tests of various fuels. he selected alcohol as the best substitute avalable in sufficient quantities in China. ninets per cent gasoline never before had been engines, he succeeded in obtaining efficient operation with blends of serenty-five per cent alcohol and twenty-five per cent gasoline with only miner modifications of government vehicles. The use of this blend resulted in a monthly saving of more than 1.800 tons of air freight. which permitted greater quantities of other vital material to be brought to China and directly increased the scope of combat operations in that theater. which reflects gret credit upon Major Kennedy and upon the American military service. Page 18 DECEMBER ALUMNI MEETING On December 13. members of the Alumni Association will enjoy a dinner meeting at the University Club in Los Angeles. Mr. R. G. Kenyon. vice president of the Southern California Edison Company. will talk on Labor-Management Relations. Announcements will be in the mail a week or so prior to the date of this meeting. The January meeting will be held on the 17th of the month with dinner at the University Club. Mr. Verne Orr. Vice President. Chrysler Pacific Corp.. will be the speaker of the evening. The annual dance will be held in February. PERSONALS Ex. 1923 LIEUTENANT - COLONEL VERNON JAEGER. 9lst "Powder River" Division chaplain. arrived in the States on Septem- her 11 with elements of his division, veterans of the Ttalian campaign. Going overseas in April. 1944, Chaplain Jaeger served with the Fir Tree Division throughout the Italian campaign. He won the Bronze Star Medal for meritorious service in support of combat operations it civilian May. 1915. In life. Chaplain Jaeger was pastor of the First Baptist Church. Port Town send. Wash. His family now Pasadena. Calif. lives in 1927 HOMAS L. GOTTIER holds the pos tion t chief television enginee for the Raytheon Manufacturing Co. of New York. N. Y RICHARD DODGE has moved to south- ern California with his family. 1929 LIEUTENANT-COMMANDER FRANK W. THOMPSON has returned to the ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY States from duty in the Pacific area aboard the U.S.S. California, where he took part in the invasions of Saipan, Tinian, Guam, Leyte Gulf, and Lingayen Gulf. Com- mander Thompson is Kaiser Shipyards in nOW stationed at Richmond, Calif 1932 PAUL ARNERICH is a service engineer for Douglas Aircraft at Santa Calif. Monica, 1933 Pacific id Enterprise Productsloyed by the Enterprise Products Los Augeles as an electrical engineer. 1936 VERNE L. PEUGH visited at the Insti- tute last month. Verne is chief engineer for Winston Bros. Co., constructors engineers of Minneapolis, Minn. and SIDNEY SCHAFER works for American Production Co., Houston, as chief geologist and geophysicist. Pan Tex., 1937 V. C. KELLEY is on the staff of the geology department at the University of New Mexico, in Albuquerque, and spends his field seasons with the metals of the U.S.G.S., largely in Colorado. VICTOR H. CHURCH is an instructor in the geology department at Utah State University, Logan, 1938 LIEUTENANT (j.g.) JOHN R. BAKER is stationed at the Naval Air Technical Training Center in Memphis, Tenn. He was formerly at the Aviation Supply Of- fice in Philadelphia for 20 months. HERBERT ELLIS. who has been with the Engineering and Transition Office of the O.S.R.D. in Washington, D. C., visited the Institute in September and ex- pects to move his family to southern California and resume residence in La Canada. MICHEL AMBROFF is doing consulting work as a technical design coordinator. DONALD D. DAVIDSON and Miss Corinne Nelms were married on October 6 at Long Beach, Calif. 1939 WILLIAM M. NORTON is a member of the purchasing director's staff of the Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corp., San Diego, Calif. CAPTAIN LLOYD ZUMWALT is in residence at Oak Ridge, Tenn., and works for the Manhattan gineers. District, U. En- Ex. '39 TECHNICAL SERGEANT JOHN BILL-HEIMER is employed by the U. S. En-gineers, Manhattan District, and also lives at Oak Ridge, Tenn. 1940 ENSIGN CYDNOR BIDDISON, who received his commission last October, has recently been assigned as assistant navigator on a newly commissioned refrigerator store ship of the Navy. LIEUTENANT RUSSELI DOOLIT- TLE, U.S.N.R., is now serving his second tour of duty in the Pacific area. 1941 QUENTIN ELLIOTT was married to Miss Dolores Benedict of Denison. Texa on July 19. Quentin is now with the de. partment of chemical engineering at the Naval Ordnance Test Calif. Station, Inyokern, GEORGE H. BRAMHALL and Miss Elizabeth Irene Bird were married in a formal wedding September 16 at Schenec-tady, N. Y WILTON A. STEWART announces the arrival of David Michael on September 5. LLOYD A. LEWIS is a petroleum geologist with the Shell Co., alternating he- tween Alberta and the Ventura Basin. NOVEMBER 1945 LOUIS S. STIVERS, JR., is an aero- visory Committee for Aeronautics at Lang-FREDERICK W. THIELE is working as a research staff member at the Insti- tute, under Dr. Carl Anderson. LIEUTENANT (j.g.) TOM ELLIOTT, after serving 18 months in aviation maintenance at the Naval Air Station at Hono-lulu, visited in southern California before reporting to his new station at LIEUTENANT Seattle. AL LANDAU is com- pany commander with an ordnance evacuation outht Germany. officer in company and is extremely busy. Because of the nature of his work and lack of "points," Al doesn't expect to get home before June or July of next year. LIEUTENANT J. F. McCLAIN, who is stationed at the Naval Repair Base at San Diego, visited the Institute in September. Lieutenant McClain is planning to return to the Institute at termination of service. LAWRENCE W. SMITH is working as an engineer in design and construction of butane-propane pumps in South Pasa dena, Calif Lawrence is married and has a son, born in November of last year. ENSIGN JOSEPH FRANZINI visited friends at the Institute in September dur ing his leave, after which he was going out to sea again on transport duty. ALVIN R. PIATT has been discharged from the Navy and has moved to southern California from Washington, D. C., where he was an officer in the Naval Research Laboratory. 1943 LIEUTENANT (j.g.) ROLAND S. SAYE, who has been with Mine Assembly Ordnance at Yorktown, Pa, is now assigned to a unit to go overseas with a light-duty garage for overhauling light- duty stock, JM PRODUCTS CORRUGATED AND FLAT TRANSITE for Industrial Buildings arine Engineering & Supply Co. engineers recommend Corrugated and Flat Transite for Industrial Buildings because: It is almost indestructible. It can't burn, can't rust, can't rot. It is quickly and easily installed requires no maintenance and is 100% salvageable. For complete details about the use of this modern construction material, write for FREE 80-page illustrated Bulletin. Manine ENGINEERING & SUPPLY CO. 941 EAST SECOND ST. • LOS ANGELES • MICHIGAN 8071 IN Page 19 Welcome Home! 2,393 veterans have already come back to work for the Southern Pacific Pacific men and women who toned the arme forces. Those who have been discharged, we gladly welcome back to the Southern Pacific. Our policy in re-employing veterans is very simple. The Southern Pacific Company wants its family together again. While these men and women were away, their seniority advanced just as if they were here on the job. Their continuity of service has been maintained for pension purposes. And Southern Pacific has arranged with the Veterans Administration to participate in a program of training courses for our partially disabled veterans. We believe that most of our returning war veterans will want to come back with us. Already, of the 2,768 former Southern Pacific people returned to civilian life, 2,393 have come back to work for their railroad. These people know that Southern Pacific's war work did not end with the surrender of Japan. Millions of men from overseas must still be returned to their homes. .... That so many of our veterans came back to Southern Pacific indicates a determination to finish the job and a faith in our Company's future that makes me, per-sonally, very proud of every one of them. A. T. MERCIER, President S•P The Friendly Southern Pacific Page 20 PETER DEHLINGER is working as geophysicist in the Los Angeles office the Shell Oil Co. His second child, Peter, was born in November, 1944. the arrival of a daughter. Beth, born on LIT'S spent 19 months in the southwest with Motor Torpedo Squadron 11 as a radar officer. During his month, Lieutenant Willits vis- ited friends at the Institute. report to a P.T. training center at Mel-LIEUTENANT (i.g.) MITCHELL DA. ZEY, while on a 30-day leave, visited at the Institute last month. was at Espiritu Santo for 15 months Harbor. and had a six weeks trip to Guam. Ulithi and Eniwetok. At the end of his leave. he was going to a mine depot station at Yorktown, Va. LIEUTENANT (j.g.) EARLE R. AT. and Miss Myrtle L. Brockman of Long Beach, Calif., were married the evening of September 8, Jack French '43 was best man. The Atkinses plan to at Yorktown. Va. where Earle will be stationed at the mine depot. ENSIGN KENNETH ROSS DE RE MER. U.S.N.R., is engaged in radio. radar, and sonar work aboard the U.S.S. Biloxi. ENSIGN JOHN J. GARLAND, after completing his destroyer training program at Norfolk. Va.. was assigned to the U.S.S. Mayo, which left August 1 for the Pacific FRANK C. SMITIl is an aviation radio technician. second class. now stationed at preradio training in Chicago, radio at the University of Houston. and a radar course at Corpus Christi. Tex. ing his old friends at the Institute ENRIQUE SILGADO, after completing years of graduate work in under the auspices of the Institute of In. ternational Education. returned by plane ENSIGN NEVILLE LONG iS at Guam as adiutant with the 76th N.C.B. and hopes to see Tech men as they pass LIEUTENANT FRED MORRIS in high-frequeney and radar at Fort Monmouth, in sonthern California on a 20-day leave in September. University of Michi specializine in chemical and metal- lurgical engineering. GEORGE FEIN was married to Miss Marjorie Frances Goodman on September 1 at San Francisco. Calif. They are mak- ina their home in Pasadena. Calif. Ex. '45 LIEUTENINT GENE FISHER. Who has been flying in a combat carrier squadron all over Burma and China. expects to return to the Statre soon on leave and possibly receire discharge. Gene. who made his "T in cross-countre in 1942. recently found an opportinite to continue his distance running when in track meet he qualified. with 11 other men. out of a field of 90. for the finals and placed filth. Gene has two Distinguished Flying Crosses. four Air Medals, and three battle stars to his credit. ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE monthly Vol. VIII, No. 11 November, 1945 The Month in Focus Control of the Atomic Bomb HE MAN in the street, weary of war and longing for the good things of peace, and the scientist. increasingly alarmed by the frightful prospect of a still more destructive war, were agreed on one fundamental fact. The atomic bomb must be controlled! But control meant many things. recent Gallup poll indicated that to the public control meant keeping for our own use the secrets of the atomic bomb; but to most scientists control implied international cooperation, reached by the dillicult means of first, national, then international commissions. goal of international control of the atomic bomb is a must, for we shall be deceiving ourselves if we think that the possession of such weapons by ourselves or by any small group of nations makes war less probable. On the contrary, it will promote international friction, jealousy and ill will, and an entirely false sense security. We shall be deceiving ourselves if we think that it will be possible to keep these developments for our own exclusive use. The atomic bomb does not depend on any particular secret "invention" and no discovery was involved that is not generally known. The present bomb is one of several possible and more or less obvious solutions based on knowledge to which every civilized nation has contributed and has access. We have no monopoly on knowledge, and any nation that can afford the effort can do what we have done and will no doubt do so if we insist on withholding information. The fact that it has been done has demonstrated the soundness of the theories and principles involved and anyone who undertakes the development now can do so with complete confidence of success. Furthermore, it is now known which ones of the several possibilities have been most successful so that no time need be wasted in working up blind alleys. It is not impossible that the job could be done in three years or even less if sufficient effort is put into it. To say the least, our bargaining power will be weaker then than it is now. NOVEMBER 1945 INTERCHANGE OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION We shall be deceiving ourselves if we think that any group of men, whether military or government, can retain a monopoly on this or any other important part of science. The men in whose sweat the atomic bomb was made are free men, and their work was based on the work of other free men before them. They cannot be kept in isolation, working in secret to produce more destructive weapons. They are urgently needed for more important things, for it is not the atomic bomb that is the great asset to civilization, but the men who made it and the science that made it possible, and science does not thrive in concentration camps. Unquestionably, scientists have contributed much toward the winning of the war, but their greatest contributions were not made during the war, they were made during the twenty or more years of peace preceding the war, when we studied and learned the tricks that made the new devices possible and trained the men that produced them and used them so well. Now that the war is over, it is a matter of the greatest importance that we return to a normal healthy development in scientific research and training, for only in this way can we replenish our depleted stocks of new ideas and manpower. This can be done if we not only permit but encourage free and untrammelled exchange of knowledge and ideas, not only within our own country or within a small group of countries but without reservation between all nations. The values of such interchange are so great that no nation can afford to refuse to cooperate, for refusal would brand such a nation as a menace to society, whether that nation be Russia or the United States. Surely, international relations are complex and difficult, but they are not improved stockpiling atomic bombs or any other kind of aggressive armament. Neither can they be improved as long as barriers such as now exist between ourselves and the Page 3 Russians are permitted to prevent free exchange of knowledge and opinion. We have no reason to believe that Russia has any warlike intentions, nor has Russia reason to think that we have. but in this matter. believing is not enough: we must know and so must they. Mutual promises and assurances are not suffcient; all must be willing to submit to whatever control is necessary to insure that no one nation or small group of nations can secretly prepare for aggression and menace other nations. This means that the barriers must be broken down at whatever cost. The alternative is war. A GROUP OPINION In an open letter to the President and the Congress of the United States of America, members of the faculty of the California Institute of Technology and of the staffs of the Huntington Library and Mt. Wilson Observatory seek to present their conclusions on atomic energy legislation in the hope that their views may be helpful to the President and to the legislators in arriving at a means of control for the atom bomb. This action has been an outgrowth of a series of weekly seminars which started in early October at C.I.T. Participating in the seminars and stating their views on the problems of the atomic age have been men who understand the full implications of the problem in-volved. Among the leaders in the discussions were: Dr. Robert A. Millikan, Dr. Charles C. Lauritsen, Dr. Paul S. Epstein, Dean Ernest C. Watson. and Dr. Linus Pauling. association with the work done in the atomic field and their sincerity in hoping for a solution to control the atomic bomb through international understanding and agreement adds importance to the letter which we are printing in this issue. It merits profound An Open Letter to the President and the Congress of the United States of America WE. the undersigned, address you in our capacity as private citizens concerned about the future of our country and of civilization itself if faced by another war. We have studied and discussed the atomic-energy legis-now before Congress and have formulated such conclusions as we are able to reach for whatever use you and the country at large may wish to make of them. Almost any sacrifice to bring about international responsibility is justified. We believe that World War II has demonstrated with fearful clarity the urgency of intelligent, informed. persistent and sacrificial effort by all nations to prevent the occurrence of a still greater catastrophe. We believe with Niels Bohr that "only international control of every undertaking which might constitute danger to world security will in the future permit aug nation to strive for prosperity and cultural development without constant fear of disaster. We believe that scientific facts cannot be kept secret for long, and that other nations will discover how to make atomic bombs within a years. Unless that short time is used to establish international control. an armament race may ensue with results even more 1is- astrous than they have been in the past. We believe. therefore. that the United States should take the lead in negotiations seeking to establish this international control with its appropriate inspection procedures. The first step is national control. Immediate action is necessary. precede inter- national control. Therefore. commission should be set up immediately to execute this control. We believe that additional functions of this commis- sion should be (1) to advise in the formulation of policies and procedures for international control. and (2) to protect and foster scientifie research on atomir energy and its utilization for non-military purposes in Page 4 order that the achievement of nuclear fission may prove a boon to mankind instead of a menace to civilization. We believe that this commission must have broad powers. We say this in spite of the fact that the very idea of control and secrecy would be intolerable to all of us if such restrictions were not necessary. We accepted controls during the war as essential to victory: we believe that we must now accept controls as equally essential to peace. The composition of the Control Commission is of utmost importance. We believe that the nature of the phenomena attending the release of atomic energy and its exploitation makes it mandatory that the Control Commission be chosen from science as well as from industry govemment. Moreover, only a commission on which science is ade- fairly judge the degrce to which freedom of scientific research needs to be restricted We believe, moreover, that the personnel of the commission should represent in knowledge, integrity, and ability the best that is available without regard to political affiliation or official position, and that they should approve international control as an ultimale objective. We believe that. while the Johnson-Mar Bill in its present form may require substantial modification. should not be allowed to this action. prevent prompt and decisive We pledge support to an all-out effort in the cause of international cooperation. We believe that you, truly representing the desire of the American people. are exerting yourselves to the utmost in the cause of a new world order of international cooperation in which the menace and fear of war will be eliminated. To this end we pledge our support. We believe that you will not fail us. You will not fail a world which is looking to you for courageous leadership. November 8. 1945 ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY NOVEMBER + 1945 PUBLISHED BY CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ALUMNI ASSOCIATION So you'll be safer Radar will make travel safer. General Electric scientists are working along these lines. Among many other G-E developments are better street lighting, which reduced night traffic accidents in one city 93 per cent in ten months... a tiny gage which prevents accidents to workers around cranes ...a new hay-drying system that helps prevent farm fires caused by storing wet hay. Working on developments such as these, G-E engineers and research scientists are helping to make life safer for you. General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. Radar prevents collision. This actual photograph taken on the bridge of the "American Mariner," U. S. Maritime Service Training Ship, shows General Electric's new peacetime radar Electronic Navigator helping plot a safe course. The officer is looking at the G-E Navigator's radar screen, which shows him the position of the ship and the objects around it. On ships or planes, in fog or darkness, radar will warn pilots of unseen hazards. GE 165. OHIO- 1907 2-inch doll saves lives. Central character of an ingenious apparatus to test street lighting is a tiny doll that represents the average pedestrian as seen at a distance. The complicated device measures visibility and glare. It was devised by General Electric engineers to help make streets and highways safer for night driving. Bug-eyed auto was the car used in development of G-E Sealed Beam headlights adopted by the automobile industry. The Sealed Beam headlamps give more and safer light. Tests show that the average G-E Sealed Beam lamp gives 99 per cent as much light near the end of its life as it did when brand new. About 45 lamps of Sealed Beam type have been developed by General Electric for the Army and Navy. The best investment in the world is in your country's future. KEEP ALL THE BONDS YOU BUY GENERAL ELECTRIC 952-638-211 BY-LINES Dr. A. A. J. J. HAAGEN-SMIT Haa- gen-Smit, profes- sor of bio-organic chemistry ae The California tate Insti- ogy of Technol- since 1940, is chiefly for recosmined his investiga- tions dealing with the isolation, structure, deter-and synthesis of natu-oecurring compounds, them plant hormones. Combining hobby which dated back to ALIS (A.B. stu- A.M. 1926, Utrecht 1924 Ph.D. in his field, he 1929) with recently work investigations directed Trie amalysis of chemient essential oils from guayule rubber plant. the NICHOLAS A. D'ARCY, JR. Nicholas D'Arcy, Jr., A. re- ceived his cal techni- civil training in at engineering the California Institute of Technology with class of 1929. the was first He ployed by em- Consol- idated Steel Cor- poration as a field engineer and later as manager Division. of the San For 10 years he Joaquin inti- associated with oil-field ma- chinery development while employed by Ensco Derrick and Equipment Company. Mr. D'Arey is a partner of the Charles W. Carter Company, Los Angeles, and merous articles has written ment. on oil-field equip- Caption for Cover Illustration: Logging with hoist torque equipped footage converter increases with daily of logs handled and triples line life. (See artiele, Hydro- Kinetic Drives, Hydraulic Torque Converters and Hydraulie Couplings, pages 10-16.) ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE published monthly on the 25th the Alumni Association. of each month I no California Technology, dena, Californla cats oria. 120A nuat subscritos Street $2.50; sin- canIes cents Entered CASS at the Post Office at Pasadena Tatornia on 020. the 1879. of warnh Ructor of" Fateristers* Rights Reserved. Repro- without material forbidden written authorization. NOVEMBER 1945 ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Monthly The Truth Shall Make You Free CONTENTS FOR NOVEMBER, 1945 The Month in Focus . An Open Letter to the President and the Congress of the United States of America issential Di 3y A. J. Haagen-Smi Hydro-Kinetic Drives, Hydraulie Torque Converters and Hydraulie Couplings By Nicholas A. D'Arcy, Jr. C. I. T. News. Personals 3 5 7 10 17 18 ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY Edited at California Institute of Technology EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD: Hugh Colvin, '36, Chairman; Harry K. Farrar, '27; Ernst Maag, '26; George Langsner. *31; William Huse, Associate Professor of English. Editorial Consultant: George R. MacMinn, Associate Professor of English. EDITORIAL STAFF: Editor-in-Chief--Donald S. Clark, '29 Managing Editor Charles M. Mortensen Associate and News Editor-Mabel D. Hagerman BUSINESS STAFF: Business Management- The Colling Publishing Company 124 West Fourth Street Los Angeles, California Circulation Manager Paul H. Hammond, '36 Page I PROPELLER FANS FORCED AIR FURNACES BLOWERS FLOOR FURNACES EVAPORATIVE AIR COOLERS SPACE HEATERS What's Coming from UTILITY? In present appliances and new products to be introduced, the UTILITY Trade Mark will be your proven, dependable equipment for air cooling, ventilating and heating... in residential, commercial and industrial buildings. These appliances include the best features of modern design and construc tion... produced in assembly-line UTILITY UTILITY APPLIANCE CORP. Formerly Utility Fan Corporation 4851 S. Alameda • Los Angeles 11, Cal. Manufacturers of the famous Utility Evap- Coolers (the original Dezert Kooler), Fans, Blowers, Floor Furnaces, Air Furnaces and Fan-Equipped Space Heaters (console type). Page 2 May , We Help You With Your Materials Handling Problem? ORGANIZATION CAN DO THE COMPLETE JOB FOR YOU! • CONVEYORS... for bulk or flow han-dling: belt-screw-vibrating screens-and accessories. • CRANES and Tramrail systems ... for unit handling. • FLOOR HANDLING equipment... Casters - trucks - trailers - skids — tote boxes - test stands - fabricated items. OUR 26th YEAR Designers Manufacturers Constructors SPENCER & MORRIS West Coast Headquarters for MATERIALS HANDLING SYSTEMS and Equipment 5649 Alhambra Ave. 580 Market Street Los Angeles 32 san Francisco 4 CApitol 5103 SUtter 1715 KER WOOD Pictured above is Kerwood Specialty's External Power Plug Assembly #117. The #117, with its two-fisted partner, the #121 External Power Receptacle, are today starting the nation's mighty aircraft under every condition. This husky pair can boast of qualities born only of a thorough knowledge of the job to be done, and of electrical "know-how". Skill of engineering design has prepared these units to provide a high capacity connection which carries a 1000 ampere rating. Kerwood Specialty's engineering-design staff can help youl Write for further information to: KE Y, LTD. 666 LOS CALIFORNIA ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE monthly Vol. VIII, No. 11 November, 1945 The Month in Focus Control of the Atomic Bomb HE MAN in the street, weary of war and longing for the good things of peace, and the scientist. increasingly alarmed by the frightful prospect of a still more destructive war, were agreed on one fundamental fact. The atomic bomb must be controlled! But control meant many things. recent Gallup poll indicated that to the public control meant keeping for our own use the secrets of the atomic bomb; but to most scientists control implied international cooperation, reached by the dillicult means of first, national, then international commissions. goal of international control of the atomic bomb is a must, for we shall be deceiving ourselves if we think that the possession of such weapons by ourselves or by any small group of nations makes war less probable. On the contrary, it will promote international friction, jealousy and ill will, and an entirely false sense security. We shall be deceiving ourselves if we think that it will be possible to keep these developments for our own exclusive use. The atomic bomb does not depend on any particular secret "invention" and no discovery was involved that is not generally known. The present bomb is one of several possible and more or less obvious solutions based on knowledge to which every civilized nation has contributed and has access. We have no monopoly on knowledge, and any nation that can afford the effort can do what we have done and will no doubt do so if we insist on withholding information. The fact that it has been done has demonstrated the soundness of the theories and principles involved and anyone who undertakes the development now can do so with complete confidence of success. Furthermore, it is now known which ones of the several possibilities have been most successful so that no time need be wasted in working up blind alleys. It is not impossible that the job could be done in three years or even less if sufficient effort is put into it. To say the least, our bargaining power will be weaker then than it is now. NOVEMBER 1945 INTERCHANGE OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION We shall be deceiving ourselves if we think that any group of men, whether military or government, can retain a monopoly on this or any other important part of science. The men in whose sweat the atomic bomb was made are free men, and their work was based on the work of other free men before them. They cannot be kept in isolation, working in secret to produce more destructive weapons. They are urgently needed for more important things, for it is not the atomic bomb that is the great asset to civilization, but the men who made it and the science that made it possible, and science does not thrive in concentration camps. Unquestionably, scientists have contributed much toward the winning of the war, but their greatest contributions were not made during the war, they were made during the twenty or more years of peace preceding the war, when we studied and learned the tricks that made the new devices possible and trained the men that produced them and used them so well. Now that the war is over, it is a matter of the greatest importance that we return to a normal healthy development in scientific research and training, for only in this way can we replenish our depleted stocks of new ideas and manpower. This can be done if we not only permit but encourage free and untrammelled exchange of knowledge and ideas, not only within our own country or within a small group of countries but without reservation between all nations. The values of such interchange are so great that no nation can afford to refuse to cooperate, for refusal would brand such a nation as a menace to society, whether that nation be Russia or the United States. Surely, international relations are complex and difficult, but they are not improved stockpiling atomic bombs or any other kind of aggressive armament. Neither can they be improved as long as barriers such as now exist between ourselves and the Page 3 Russians are permitted to prevent free exchange of knowledge and opinion. We have no reason to believe that Russia has any warlike intentions, nor has Russia reason to think that we have. but in this matter. believing is not enough: we must know and so must they. Mutual promises and assurances are not suffcient; all must be willing to submit to whatever control is necessary to insure that no one nation or small group of nations can secretly prepare for aggression and menace other nations. This means that the barriers must be broken down at whatever cost. The alternative is war. A GROUP OPINION In an open letter to the President and the Congress of the United States of America, members of the faculty of the California Institute of Technology and of the staffs of the Huntington Library and Mt. Wilson Observatory seek to present their conclusions on atomic energy legislation in the hope that their views may be helpful to the President and to the legislators in arriving at a means of control for the atom bomb. This action has been an outgrowth of a series of weekly seminars which started in early October at C.I.T. Participating in the seminars and stating their views on the problems of the atomic age have been men who understand the full implications of the problem in-volved. Among the leaders in the discussions were: Dr. Robert A. Millikan, Dr. Charles C. Lauritsen, Dr. Paul S. Epstein, Dean Ernest C. Watson. and Dr. Linus Pauling. association with the work done in the atomic field and their sincerity in hoping for a solution to control the atomic bomb through international understanding and agreement adds importance to the letter which we are printing in this issue. It merits profound An Open Letter to the President and the Congress of the United States of America WE. the undersigned, address you in our capacity as private citizens concerned about the future of our country and of civilization itself if faced by another war. We have studied and discussed the atomic-energy legis-now before Congress and have formulated such conclusions as we are able to reach for whatever use you and the country at large may wish to make of them. Almost any sacrifice to bring about international responsibility is justified. We believe that World War II has demonstrated with fearful clarity the urgency of intelligent, informed. persistent and sacrificial effort by all nations to prevent the occurrence of a still greater catastrophe. We believe with Niels Bohr that "only international control of every undertaking which might constitute danger to world security will in the future permit aug nation to strive for prosperity and cultural development without constant fear of disaster. We believe that scientific facts cannot be kept secret for long, and that other nations will discover how to make atomic bombs within a years. Unless that short time is used to establish international control. an armament race may ensue with results even more 1is- astrous than they have been in the past. We believe. therefore. that the United States should take the lead in negotiations seeking to establish this international control with its appropriate inspection procedures. The first step is national control. Immediate action is necessary. precede inter- national control. Therefore. commission should be set up immediately to execute this control. We believe that additional functions of this commis- sion should be (1) to advise in the formulation of policies and procedures for international control. and (2) to protect and foster scientifie research on atomir energy and its utilization for non-military purposes in Page 4 order that the achievement of nuclear fission may prove a boon to mankind instead of a menace to civilization. We believe that this commission must have broad powers. We say this in spite of the fact that the very idea of control and secrecy would be intolerable to all of us if such restrictions were not necessary. We accepted controls during the war as essential to victory: we believe that we must now accept controls as equally essential to peace. The composition of the Control Commission is of utmost importance. We believe that the nature of the phenomena attending the release of atomic energy and its exploitation makes it mandatory that the Control Commission be chosen from science as well as from industry govemment. Moreover, only a commission on which science is ade- fairly judge the degrce to which freedom of scientific research needs to be restricted We believe, moreover, that the personnel of the commission should represent in knowledge, integrity, and ability the best that is available without regard to political affiliation or official position, and that they should approve international control as an ultimale objective. We believe that. while the Johnson-Mar Bill in its present form may require substantial modification. should not be allowed to this action. prevent prompt and decisive We pledge support to an all-out effort in the cause of international cooperation. We believe that you, truly representing the desire of the American people. are exerting yourselves to the utmost in the cause of a new world order of international cooperation in which the menace and fear of war will be eliminated. To this end we pledge our support. We believe that you will not fail us. You will not fail a world which is looking to you for courageous leadership. November 8. 1945 ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY CA Andasm Few Gnerg Hahi Bateok Richarf he badged golus Barber Faus Eughn Plauge Beralle Chry S. Bhus -:Su Farguhan Gengefengu Josh Zoladue Consad 20r Joseplime Sanat Edwin F. Gay. Tran M. Sebut Theodore o. Dalman he V. Gradman Castard SBerdon Amquene Profeanor of Phyeica, Californte tastitute of Technolog Research Analatent, aliforila Enatitute of Technology Graduate Student in Biology, attorta Institute et Technoloß) le tronomer, Mt, WIlson Observatory Bessarch Statt Monte 6: Tecnosoes Cal tfornia Institute Associate Professor of Cheniatry, alIfornis Institute of Ischnoloar Stoel Corporation, Ltd, lesearch Asauciate In Physica, Cal1- Forte Tatua, of Thie tu: fornia at Los Angelen Comptroller, Californta Inatituta of Rapostate Ciratar, Rare Boose, Bustington LIbrary prottarot of Mathecat/09 jechnolog Cettornte Inatitute of Reseseco Aselatant in Btolog, canfernla Inattute of lechniolog Red16 Techmictan 0e11fomie Inatitute of Dochnoicer Supertieor, Rending, Roon, Ornduste Student to Biolog, CalLfornis Instgtute of Techaologr Jesearch Aaniatena in perle us California Inesteute of technelog Visiting Professor of Blulor, californta Institute on Zechnolog Associate Professor of anellak, Univoretty of CalAtorta, Senta Berbera Collese: Research Start Fronnology 0s 1fornta Insttoute of Pacanalog Inatroson in Medfotne, Untrerulty ot Souther: Celtforte Chalntet, Restarch Group. Bunt Loaton Librery tosociate Profeanor of Musintas Beonontes, Research Asaletant to Chentaurt, Catirornie Instisite of technology Creduate Stadorin Un Chemiatry, Caltrornin Enatituse of Dechnele Alumma, DalCornia Inaticute of Rochnology- Angeles Schoole. Regearch Aestetent in Blotoey, Californta Tnatitare of Technology Cratere si tuto of Tecnolog Profeeaor of Sto-Organte Chemistry, Califorte InetItute of Technolog Dorothy Boun 95.Bowm Pa Borinau Outhow Bryhio 1 stanly CBiket Prapat l Caupcal Parhana Chare Richad Colen Said 8 Collins Garachy Cione Fandy boran Avanstarreuda Plily Hayward mack Holzwan Milton {. Humason Lown wo fole sepping Hughly. Edethet Walken 24 Kunz P. Kyropone os Cel tfornte Inettoute of Teshnology Profeasor of Stochentotry, Celtfornte institute of Technology Seelerent, BintArator Ltbrary Professor of Phyetce, Aselecant Professor of Languages, Californits Inatitute of Benearch Asntatant In Cheutesry, Baton & hat e o Tates Sesretery, Onlitornle Inabitute of Lechnolo Asalatant Protensor of Machantcel Encineering, Cattoria Inetttute of Technology Menher, Reossrch Group, Huntinaton Librery Enitorta Institute of Juntor Phystotat, Contract ODMer-2131, aliforta institute or Technolos Califorata Inatitute Reeurch Aantatant in Malpay: Californie Inatttute of Technology Resseron Asslatent In Aercautica cantore nettouse of becneros 61tfornte Inetttute of Toshroloe Angineerina, Onltrornte Inatitute of Rado Encansen California inettoute of Technolog Antronouer, Mount Wilson Boaertatory Festos Genern: Nanager, Hotsy Restine Assodinte Professor of English and fechnology Astrononer, Hount WLlBor Observatory Protessor of Engi fal. Lerumege and Leanno loga Castrator fastelo Sechno1089 Beseurch Secretery, Puntington Library Asacelato Profeasor of lydrvlle Instneering, sechnolony CalIfonte Inalatute.ef ero dette of Technolo Inetructor in Mechantoal Doztneertne, ote or o Professor of Chenteal Engineering, Professor of Escnouten, aiforte Tratttuto of technolor Wille 1 Darment Geafny Daesis Zevnett Deve, 9 aJ. Dekker Palud Hany lay lm Stalay Emenn Parl 1. Epsteiu Ruth E. Estey Base esaurton підем ХХ. Ііцинат David A Land 1 Pindual Ше г. Кіроств, р nettee Martuitie 98. Unalen V.Au Marastadt Margaret O Meracle PaulZumenill Aristitle D. Michal J. nulula Mille Castronta Inatitute of Technolog Katorart Pheeate d etroice Head Cataloguer, Department of Manucripte Inetiructor in Mechantcal Brgineering, saltorie Tat tute of Pachnolog Lacturer in Englieh, Califorta Asepolete lingleb, Untversity of Southern Calttornia. lecher, Essearch Orop. Buntington Library Rescarch Staft Mesber, Caltromta loutitute of Technology Balter & reatie redoloe California Inetitute of Tactinolog Adacolate Profeseon of English, Associete Profssor of Genetica, Protesos of Theocatdest Physten, cal trombe Inattute se Technology Professor Californis Institute of Technolog of lachnoliper Enoperty Accountent, Cal L'ornde Instituto of Technoloes Aaslotant Protessor of Aeronautica, Callforne Institute of Technoloer Taschine Peltow In Fhystce, Cm torile intitute of Teahnolowy Proteusor of Blectrical and Mechuntost Technology lesesponese venti tentater s Califoria InstItute of Rechnology Read Catalogas, Printed Booka, Huntington Librew Profesaor of Electoloal Enzinvering cal teoris Inatitute of Technology Rebearch Worken, California Inetitute Aspletent Profesuor of Eleotrical SecretAry-Stenogrspher, Ascagetors offico, Huntington Librer Antrosoner, Mount. Wilson Obeertetery e arte asta de eco208) Clargs Milliten Robrita Mieisau Lilian V. Margau Mus M Morgan Wuni 6 huno KennechR.Mussen RiTR Martel X Zictr Nehn. SutB. Nelolen Care Numaun Esthe houtke Hayde haya Rihard M. Noyes Pull Olume a apachenia Caistornta Inetitute of Technology Ener Itus Profseabe of Pbynlos, Cal trornia Inatitute of leonnology Studant of Biology, dal1foris Inatitute of Recheoloer Sastoa Pte e boaroion iwitle trotenaon of Hletony and Corernnent, Caltfomia Inatftute ot Rodlo Bechntetan, Cai Ifornda Instttute of Technology Celttorla Inatttute of Technalosy Ptoteseor of Plystce, Caltrornia Inatitute of Tachnology Aatronomer, Mount Rileon Obsermatory a outen, ef Techosoel Profensor of Orzanid Cheatatzy, Caltrornie, Inetitute of rochnology Cal tromia Ipatitute of Technolor Indsoemss so suonsedod Bosorns Research Peliow in Chentatiy, Cal ifaris Instftute of Tectinologs Catelopon, Fibited Boazs, Research Asststant in B1010gr, Califorate Inatttute of Mechnoloey 1 R UheuLenme Elii Pair Recana, Pitcher Touce $f. Iitney Harlan K Pract Mary Simpro Pratt Ni EData Helenclare Famsey derme Reamunsen Tohts el Uha BRickte, mangut Mantur Sulsn Квл Profcasor of Theoretteal Physioa, Oaltromla inatisute of Technology Graddate Stident Sn Blochenlerry, Cal 13ottitn Instátute of Techno-02x hetrononer, Mount WIleon Obaervatory Ixecutive Asaletant, Huntington Librery Anstatant Superviaor, Readine Rooa, Bunt Inaton Library Rossarch Poltov in Biolowy Callfornts Inetttuto of Pechnotgay Dataloguer, Printed Booke, Huntington D1brury ndera taslatent bo metomanstca caltrornta Inesitute of fechnologs Resvarch Aselatant in Bloloe, Califorsta Inetitute of Fochnolog7 Leborstost Tachaicten In Ploipey. RosBarch Asstatant ln Cheaistry, Calttornta Enetitute of Tachnology Свототи чт атаятяву цалазо CAlifornta Inutitute of Technology Astrononer, Mount Wilson Observatary Dalirot Pet or Teohnosce Graduste Stident In Phyatcs, Caltromnte Institute of Technology Rorcoottanford. N. C. Sclunk Then.A H. Peares Auhtde Ahertekhis EdwardPhulis Sheridan Dauid P Shoemaker Vothan P Sitl Richard C. Sill Royall, Soreuszn Conway W buyder Rager Stanton даймен вайміу 36g. Stenost Tohut I Stectos Professor of Chentcel Engineering, Caltfornla Institute of Technologs Astronomer, Mount Wileon Ohservatory Curator of Manusoripte, Huntington Library Research Assoclate, Carpegle Inetitution of Hashington Asaocdato professor of Alrplane Strugturas, Celtfornia Inatitute of Curator of Rare Booka, Hunt trigton Ilbrary Inatruotor in Engliah, Calttarnia Institute ot Technologs Ressarch Aasistant In Chemtatry, Califomnia Inatitute of Technologs Calttornda Institute of Technologs Researoh Engineer, Jet Propulaton Laboratory, Callfomta Institute of Technology Profeseor of Electrical Bngtneering, Caltfornla Institute of Technology Resoargh Fellow in Phyatca, Calitornta Inatitute of Technology Aastatant Protensor of Bnzl.iah, Californta Inatitute of Technolosy crotrorara of Btstote of Tachro206) Angtetrnt To tu o Atechautien, Alumus, Caltfornia Inetitute of Technologs. Reasarch, Union 0tl Co. of Caltfornta Cleikn Stock Sutsf Stambay Yost, slrong adtturterant Erwasdeffurft Hem A Girelat Zw.tay Nebed Tyler wght bais Horgan Wardl I b. loation erorogeor or raleontoiopr,californss Asetstant Comptrotier, Ceitromta Thetitute of Technology Astrononer, Mount Wilaod Obeerrstory egtvont Protaor %, Preshro10es arofeotot of Stette be Techrosoey Protesaoe of AnaiVileal Cheulatry, CaitCornte Inetttute of rechrorce Micro-anelyst, Californle Tnetltute of Technolory Craders & hai 1te 0 aree Calttomin Instisure os Déchnolosy Rosearch Abgistent In Bioloes, Csztrornt. Institute af Sochroises oiin sosak detor sSRD Dontrust OMR-aBE, CalLrorata tratlauto on Teahno_gg ne tutam Pretoong. anten oo Beat Pater & Nete eotort Tabes 19cometes EeTreron iRitee or Tecesioe Same stick Поможе Philip E Wiluon Margans V. Werian preplune cerlliaus Patude tém les Halsh S. lirtson Raeph 4. Winger 00 Wnten Doris Marion Wright EnsBLuED foris, B Cihight Dor m yoot Seacetary, Cilifomia Inetttute of Tacbnoloes Aasootate Profssaor ar Physlology, Raifort f hottee orectee ReBesrch Fellbu ln Blology, Caiiforain Institute of Pechnology Postio thice Pooke, Calitomia Inatftute of Rechnoloe Sectetery and Reseasch odero 1oey Astrononer, Mount Hilson Obserrstom Rasearch iseoctate ta Chetcas Eneinee-toe, Cristornte Tracarute or Ktara set te or Betresee ReseArch Po.10* Buntineton Urery Сано, popenent of матеря, PLNSPCAISCSMODRXESC80S ec itornts Inatitute of lectnolopy Mether, Rosegrch, Group, Hinttnston Pretecdor ons orcan lo chematry Cartron to Tatsrute of Cechoot.oer Tna Mame RL Daugherty Вшя P. Olunh А то Унин Spiro Kuzoponles 8L5 Lamu Frerk f. Maline Mnatwen foh Mrua Urlliam Otto silAips Ali Rucl Jeuy Dowshue Grhe a Schuty, Austen R.Wätrheftg Californte Inetttute ot Technology Professar of Mechantcal Bnatneerisg, Californta Institute of Zectnology Asststent Professor of Matheuatioe, Caltfomia Inatitute of Tochnology Technicel Maeletant in Ceology, Californte Inatitute of Technozors Reeesrch Paliow Calttomia Institute of Pachnolog} Gradiate Studeat in Geoloer, Osltfornte Institute of Technolog) eatanuoay зо toesegasa sumatoy maahes tinao atenti tr Cecnhiétca Califomie Inatitute of Technolog/ rontotant ie bor o oosonoloey TBATOEm1a Inatitute of Toana1oay Aastatant Profeneor of Meteprologi, Aseoelate Professor of Metabrol0g3, Ca1iPornta Institute of Technology Cal:fornta Inatituto of Tachoology Teltrirtor ta Tietar of Tochrozog Teaching Feliow ia Chemtatry, Californla Tnstiitute of Terhnologg Ziberde arte diftillandi. de implicibus. Bas buch der rechten kunft zu diftilieren die eingigê ding von icrongmo Brunewyge bürtig on wund argor der feiferlie fryé pare traßbang. Essential Oils By A. J. HAAGEN-SMIT NE of the attractions of the subject of essential oils appears in ils manifold aspects, its interest to the chemist, the plant physiologist, the pharma-cologist, the historian, and, last but not least, the psy-chologist. When the historian and the psychologist are discussing this subject, they may well argue about the question of why Ulysses, the Greek traveler, was detained by Circe. The answer is that she used an odoriferous principle, which many present-day oil firms would like to lay their hands on. A similar secret was possessed b Helen of Troy, to whom Venus revealed a secret per-fume, which was responsible for her fabulous beauty. While the secret of such magic perfumes was lost, later generations tried to make up for this in quantity. and even wise men, such as Diogenes, could not escape paying attention to the subject of perfumes. He is reported to have remarked that it was most wastelul to pour the oil on the head, whence the scent rose in the air and benefited only whereas by using il upon the feet one bathed the whole body in the delightful odors. The important place these substances look gauged from the opposition they created. Solon, among the Greeks, and Julius Caesar, among the Romans. for bade the sale of perfumes, which sometimes were show-ered over the guests from the ceiling of the building. During the reign of King George III, in 1771, the British Parliament passed the following law: "All women of whatever age, rank, profession or degree whatever, vir-gins, maids or widows, that shall from and after this act impose upon, seduce and betray into matrimony any of His Majesty's subjects by the use of scents, paints. cosmetics, washes, artificial teeth, false hair, spanish wool (a kind of rouge), iron stays, hoops, high-heeled shoes or bolstered hips shall incur the penalty of the law now in force against witcheraft and like misde- meanors and the marriage upon conviction shall stand null and void." It has been suggested that if fines should take the place of imprisonment, our problems of taxation would be solved.* In any case, legislation in such matters is not confined to the past. A similar unimaginative and un-emotional law agency is the Federal Food and Drugs Administration, which refuses to believe in the scents which clear befuddled minds, help in all illnesses, and at the same time lead to thrilling adventures and ro- mance. From the reactions of such governing bodies. we may conclude that the interest of the people in these oils has been great and the urge must have been strong to increase the number of perfomes. The discovery and conquest of countries and the waging of wars were chiefly caused by the desire to increase the wealth of the conqueror, and down the course of history perfumes and spices have been of prime consideration in this respect. *J. Igatr Verrill, Portumes and Spices, 1. C. Page di Co, Beston (1940). NOVEMBER 1945 un getruckt durch den wohlgeachte Jobannem grueninger zu Strassburg in den acbte tag des megen als man selt von der geburt Cbmsti funfgebnbundert. Lob sy got. Enno 1500. Fle. I. Title page of a book on distillation, by Brunschwig (printed in 1500). In the early periods the resins and oils obtained from plants were burned on altars, and extensive recipes are found in Egyptian manuscripts. The Israelites. their exile in Egypt, became acquainted with the use of these pertumes and salves, and some of their recipes are recorded in the Old Testament. where it is stated that the Lord ordered Moses: "Take unto thee three principal spices: pure myrrh. 500 shekels, and sweet cinamon half so much and of sweet calamus, 250 shekels, and of cassia. 500 shekels, and of olive oil a hin." While only crude resins and oils were used chiefly in ointments and in certain combinations, as incense to be burned, progress in scientifie research made it possible to separate the volatile and odoriferous principles from the plant material. This was a great step forward, since it made it possible to preserve the smell and flavor of a much larger number of plants. It had been observed that boiling water carries with it the volatile material and that after condensation strongly smelling oil drop-lets appear on the surface of the water. droplets soon form a liquid, to which is given the name of essential oils, because they are easily volatile and are thus distinguished from the fatty oils. The volatility and the derivation from plants are the characteristie proper-ties of these oils, and it is for this reason customary to include volatile plant oils obtained by other means than direct steam distillation, Bitter almond, mustard. Page 7 The second principal method consists in extraction with fats and vaseline. This process is especially used to concentrate flower oils. which would be easily decomposed at the higher temperature during water distillation. In the extrac- tion with fats. we can distinguish two methods: 1. Use of liquid fat under heating, called maceration: and 2. Enfleurage, whereby the vol atile material is absorbed in suh-stances such as vaseline and parallin. at room lemperature. Th1s last method is especially used on flowers which have a low content of oil but are continnously producing and evaporating their fragrant substances. In this way it is possible with jasmine. for er-ample. to obtain by enfleurage five limes more essential oil than by extraction with some solvent. The enfleurage is carried out hy FIG. 2. "Rosenhut," distillation apparatus of 1500. Reproduced from Gilde- meister and Hoffmann, Die Atherischen Ole, p. 224 (1910). putting the flowers on wooder rames about two inches high anc two or three feet square, in which a glass plate is placed. On both and wintergreen oil obtained enzy matic action. or lemon and orange oil atained by simple pressing. can be distilled with steam and are therefore included among the essential oils. Also included are oils obtained hy extraction. sides of the glass plate is applied a fatty laver on which the flowers are spread. On top of this frame a new one is placed, flled in the same way. until large stacks of these frames are piled one upon another. The essential oils given off by the Howers are taken up by fat, and the same fatty layer can take up the essence of many layers MANUFACTURE OF THE OILS of new Howers. The absorbent material. the fat or vaseline, is then The distillation of steam is the most frequently applied removed by treatment with alcohol or other solvents. separation method for these oils. The amount of com- and the resulting concentrated flower extract is ready to pounds which we find in the essential oils boiling be- he sold. tween 150-300° C. their vapor pressure at 100° C.. the boiling point of water. is considerable-for camphor CHEMISTRY OF THE OILS the chief component of oil of The oils and extracts obtained in these ways consist of turpentine. 147 mm. In a mixture of oil and water the contributes. therefore. materially towards reaching the atmospheric pressure at which distillation occurs and will boil at a temperature somewhat lower than 100°. te. 96°. whereas without the help of water the pineno C. The components of the distillation less exposed to higher temperatures: less decomposition takes place. and a better-smelling product is obtained. The essential oils in plants contained in cells. mostly with reinforced walls. It is necessary before distillation to open up these oil containers by grinding or cutting the seeds or other parts of the plant. simplest form, this material is poured into a still; the outside is heated and the vapor condensed. This procedure was described by Herodotus and Pliny. but the method is still used in the country by farmers, whose do not differ greatly from those shown in Figs. 1. 2 and 3. By the more modern methods, the water vapor necessary for carrying over the oil is produced in a apparatus and steam is bloun through the plant material. The production of this type of oil is limited in the United States to oil of turpentine. peppermint. eucalyptus, erigeron. witch-hazel, worm- rood. and lemon grass, Page 8 FIG. 3. Distillation apparatus with condenser tubes. Reproduced from Gildemeister and Hoffmann, Die Atherischen Ole, p. 226(1910). ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY a great variety of substances. Some of these may con- stitute an odoriferous principle; others will be odorless impurities, or may even detract from the value of the oil by their smell or, for example, their solubility prop. erties. In the search for pure principles and possible means of preparing these synthetically, considerable efforts have been made in the analysis of the oil. It has been found that the oil consists of compounds belonging to many groups of organic compounds, consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and in some cases containing in addition sulphur and nitrogen. It is possible to arrange these compounds in which, because of their structure, suggest similarity in their formations. One group of substances consists of molecules of straight-chain hydrocarbons, such as we find in Pinus sabinus, which gives us an oil consisting of 70 per cent n-heptane, resembling normal gasoline. Other representatives of this group are found in the stearoptenes present in precipitates formed in many oils. Another group consists of substitution products of benzene, chiefly n-propylbenzene derivatives; examples of these substances are to be found in eugenol. from clove oil. A third group contains a number of compounds which show connections with nitrogen metabolism, such indole in orange Howers and allyl isocyanates in mustard oils. A fourth group that we may distinguish consists mostly of hydroaromatic hydrocarbons and their oxygen derivatives. These compounds show a remarkable simi-Jarity in their structure, since they can be divided into a number of branched C, chains, as shown in Fig. 4. This building principle links the components of essential oils called terpenes (Co), sesquiterpenes (Cys) with the diterpenes (Co) present in resins, vitamin A, and the chlorophyll alcohol, phytol. Triterpenes with 30 carbon atoms are built along the same lines; we find saponins present in the roots of some plants. Many of the yellow C=C-C= C-0=C-C-C-C=G-CH, OH C-G=0-G-G-C=C-G-C-C=C-CH,OH ce.o-ago-o-ap-60-009-00-0-810-6-040 C-C=C-C-C-C=C-C-C-C=C-C_G-G=0-0-0-G=0-0-0-0=0-0-0-0=0-0-c-G=0-0 or orange plant pigments belong to the tetraterpenes with 40 carbon atoms. In natural Hevea, as well as guayule, the same principle unites 1000-2000 of these Cs units. FORMATION IN THE PLANT On the basis of the structural peculiarities of the components, we can draw the conclusion that the complexity of the oil composition is caused by the excretion or secretion of products formed in many metabolic processes taking place in the plant. Microscopic examination of the plant shows that only distinct cells or spaces in the plant tissue are filled with oily droplets, which are difficult to distinguish from fatty oils. In many cases these glands are epidermal cells or modifications of these. such as the excretion hairs. The secretion product is usually accumulated outside the cell between cuticula and the rest of the cell wall. A slight touch is sufficient to break this thin outer membrane and to cause the release of the oil with its typical smell. The internal glands are spread throughout the plant and these intracellular glands have often grown to form long canals, coated on the inside with a layer of thin-walled cells. The oil is deposited in these canals, but the exact place of their formation is not known. Also the circumstances under which the oils are secreted are far from known. It is suspected that for many of the oil components a relation exists with photosynthetic activity, whereby carbon dioxide is reduced and synthesized to carbohydrate. A support is given to these ideas by studies on the effect of climatic and soil conditions, whereby it has been shown that generally light favors formation of the oils and that the optimum coincides with the most active growth period in plant life. It would seem as if many of the secreted compounds were by products in a number of syntheses important (Continued on Page 16) (isoprene) Hemiterpenes 5 (geraniol in rose oil) 10 Terpenes (farnesol in rose oil) 15 Sesquiterpenes (phytol in chlorophyll) 20 Diterpenes (squalene in shark oil) 30 Triterpenes (lycopene in tomatoes) 40 Tetraterpenes (caoutchouk in hevea rubver) Polyterpenes FIG. 4. NOVEMBER 1945 Page 9 Hydro-Kinetic Drives, Hydraulic Torque Converters and Hydraulic Couplings By NICHOLAS A. D'ARCY, JR. IDESPRLAD interest in hydraulic drives was W created in this country when hydraulic couplings were incorporated in several popular automo- biles. This was the outgrowth of the inventions of Dr. Ing. Hermann Foettinger in Hamburg, Germany, over 30 years ago. Dr. Foettinger developed both the hydraulic coupling and the hydraulic torque converter for use in Diesel-powered vessels having up to 20,000 horsepower available for driving the propeller. The use and development of hydraulic drives spread to Sweden, where the Ljungstrom works further oped the hydraulic torque converter under Lysholm-Smith patents. and to England. where Vulcan-Sinclair developed the hydraulic coupling. The Swedish applications were made largely to rail cars and the English applications to trucks and buses. It has been in the last four or five years that wide- spread industrial development has occurred in these two hydro-kinetic drives. The American Blower Corporation was sub-licensed by Vulcan-Sinclair to manufacture hydraulic couplings. the Twin Disc Clutch Company licensed under Lysholm-Smith patents to manufacture industrial hydraulic torque converters and hydraulic couplings, and Spicer Manufacturing Corporation manufacture torque converters for automotive uses. These three American organizations are rapidly extend ing the uses of hydro-kinetic drives, and new industries are rapidly availing themselves of the advantages of this development. Positive-drive hydraulic units are also in widespread use in the United States, but this type of drive is separate and important field which will only be touched upon at this time. TOROUE INPUT : 4.0 TO TORQUE OUTPUT TORQUE EFFICIENCY ENGINE RPM ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULIC DRIVES The original developments of Dr. Foettinger were connected with the development of the Diesel engine. Some simple device was needed to absorb the torsional vibrations and "un-equality" of operation of this engine, and the hydraulic torque converter and hydraulie coupling proved to be the devices needed. One of the most important advantages of all hydro-kinetic drives is the reduction of vibration and smoothing-out of the how of power from internal combustion engines. In addition. they absorb shock loads, prevent stalling of the engines. and provide a smooth method of starting a load. These fundamental characteristics of the hydro-kinetic drives apply without regard to whether the unit is a hydraulic torque converter or any of the several types of hydraulic Hydraulic torque converters have the further advantage of developing high output torque at low output speeds while maintaining high operating speed in the prime mover. The over-all efficiency of the torque converter reaches a maximum of approximately 83 per cent. which is low compared to certain electrical units, but it allows the prime mover to develop full input horsepower by running at maximum speed. For this reason the output horsepower from a torque converter is often higher than with mechanical transmissions with the engines operating at reduced speeds. The hydranlie coupling. on the other hand. has a maximum efficiency of over 95 per cent, but the output torque of a coupling can never exceed the input torque. From these radical differences one can see that each type of hydro-kinetic drive has its own particular advantage. and care must be used in selecting the correct unit for any particular installation. 100 100, 90 80 ليا EFFICIENGY, AT LEFT: Ratio of output torque to input torque. INPUT TORQUE RAT 10 20 30 40 50 60 OUTPUT RPM, PERGENT OF INPUT RPM 70 80 Page: 10 ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY ENGINE TORQUE 100 100 MAXIMUM 80 ORQUE, PERGENT 60 40 20 - STARTING TORQUE 80 60 40 20 SLIP, PERCENT SLIP 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 INPUT SPEED, PERCENT ENGINE GOVERNED SPEED Performance characteristics of hydraulic coupling used with an internal combustion engine. 100 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF HYDRO-KINETIC DRIVES Both the hydraulic torque converter and the hydraulic coupling are closed-circuit hydraulic units consisting of a pump or impeller on the driving end and a reaction member on the driven end. The rotation of the impeller imparts kinetic energy to the fluid in the closed circuit and Runners- Impeiler drives the fluid to the outer periphery of the unit. The turbine member then absorbs the kinetic energy of the fuid in its blades and the fluid. having lost its veloc-ity, is returned to the central portion of the unit. The impeller again picks up the fluid and the cycle is repeated. There is no mysterious characteristic imparted to the fluid at high velocities. as has sometimes been described. The entire action is based on well. known laws of hydraulies. There is no positive connection between the impeller and the turbine member, and this feature Flange connects + to power unit allows the fluid to absorb shock. absorh vibration. and provide smooth starting. Both torque converter and coupling depend upon the kinetic energy imparted to the NOVEMBER 1945 fuid for their drive. Both units transmit horsepower in proportion to the cube of the speed of the driving member and the fifth power of the diameter. Both units de- Runner: Impeller -Impeller Driven shaft oil cooler- 'Output shoft + Reversible oil pump Scoop tübe AT LEFT: Axial hydraulic forces balance each other in this twin coupling. AT RIGHT: A variable-speed coupling in which working fluid is removed, cooled, and returned to circuit. (Illustration courtesy Power Magazine.) Page 11 Input shaft Output shaft Construction of a typical hydraulic torque con-verter: P is impeller, T,, T., and T, are runner vanes, and F and F, are the fixed vanes. (Illustration courtesy Power Magazine.) velop torque in proportion to the square of the speed of the driven member and the fifth power of the diameter. HYDRAULIC COUPLINGS The hydraulic coupling is the simpler of the two hydro-kinetic drives. It consists essentially of two identical opposed vaned members, so that either half can he used as the driving or driven member. In certain adaptations of the hydraulic coupling added features are incorporated to alter this arrangement slightly, but the basic principle remains. The two opposed members being identical, one would expect to find the character of power transmitted identical with the power driving the coupling, and this is the case, except for triction losses. In the traction or sealed type of coupling, the simplest and most common hydraulic coupling, the oul-put speed is only about three per cent less than the input speed, and the output torque is always equal to the input In addition to the simple traction or sealed coupling one may obtain scoop tube or variable speed couplings. couplings. dumping couplings, and clutch type couplings. These have all been developed to meet certain requirements, but they are hasically the same as the traction coupling. Perhaps the most interesting of these special couplings is the scoop tube coupling. which allows the operator to control the volume of Auid in the coupling. This controls the amount of slip for any given output speed and torque requirement. In addition the scoop tube coupling allows the fluid to be constantly removed from the circuit. cooled. and reintroduced into the circuit. APPLICATIONS OF HYDRAULIC COUPLINGS The hydraulic coupling is essentially a constant-speed. constant-torque hydraulic unit. and as such it should he used on drives requiring this type of power. It is also an efficient drive. and one need not be concerned with loss in power through this type of unit. The passenger automobile is one of the outstanding successful applications of hydraulic units. since it has a relatively constant-speed, constant-torque drive after the unit gains speed and is one in which economy of operation is a prime factor. One of the best industrial applications for hydraulic couplings is that between the internal combustion engine and the propeller shaft on moderate-sized power boats. The coupling absorbs engine vibrations and provides i very smooth In new developments for fishing boats hydraulic couplings are being incorporated into multiple-engine drives to compound the power of two engines into a single propeller shaft. This drive has the added advantages of balancing the power of the two engines and protecting the compounding drive equip-ment. It is interesting to note that the original development of hydraulic drives was made in connection with ship propeller drives incorporating up to 20,000 horse-power, and now the drives are being developed for fishing boats having requirements of approximately 300 Couplings are also useful in connection with electric motors which must be started under load. The fact that 000 000 900 900 700 600 500. 400 300 600 599 400 309 --500 40e 300 Engine speed variation, hydraulic coupling on engine: 22.4 strokes per minute; left, 105-115 pound pressure; center, 132 pound pressure; right, 200 pound pressure. Page 12 ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY the coupling transmits torque in proportion to the square of the speed allows the electric motor to gain speed under light torque. With this type of drive, standard push-button controls and standard electric motors can be successfully used to start heavy loads. The load is also started much more smoothly than with special high-starting-torque electric motors. Electric motor drives of this nature are in operation on grease mixers, belt con-veyors, ball mills, and many similar types of machinery where the unit must start under full load. Consistent reports of reduced maintenance ment are received from operators using drives incorporating hydraulic couplings. One of the most interesting came from a major contractor operating heavy dirt-moving equipment. One set of earth movers was capable of transporting 13 yards of material per load and another set was capable of transporting only five yards. Both were of a similar nature and both working on the same job, and both employed the same mechanical transmission in the drive. the lo-yard umt included a hydraulic coupling and the five-yard unit had a conventional drive. In almost a year's operation, only two repair jobs were required for the transmissions in the large units equipped with hydraulic couplings, while there was an average of one a week on the smaller units which were not protected by hydraulic couplings, despite the fact that the smaller units were loaded much lighter. Hydraulic couplings with built-in friction clutches are now being used in power shovels and on engines sup- plying power to oil-well pumping units. Both of these operations are carried on with the engines working at relative constant speeds, but the horsepower requirements vary rapidly. The coupling reduces the peak load on the engine by smoothing out the power requirements. The recording tachometer and vacuum gauge readings taken on an experimental oil-well pumping installation show how the coupling smooths out the load on the engine when pumping conditions remain as nearly constant as possible. Without the coupling the engine speed varied from approximately 600 rpm to 900 pm on every stroke of the unit. This variation was reduced to less than half that obtained with the standard drive after the hydraulie coupling had been installed on the engine. A similar reduction of the intake manifold pressure variation was observed. The clutch type of coupling allows the operator to disconnect the engine from the driven members when necessary, but allows him to remain in hydraulic drive at all times while operating. The scoop tube, or variable speed, hydraulie coupling has the added advantage of controlling the speed of the output shaft by regulating the amount of fluid in the coupling. In this type of coupling an adjustable tube extends into the hydraulic circuit and drains the fluid down to any desired level, thus allowing the coupling to slip. The amount of fluid and the degree of slip control the output speed of the coupling. It is apparent that the efficiency of the scoop tube coupling is inversely proportional to the slip. Scoop tube couplings are used to advantage in driving slush pumps in drilling oil wells. It is sometimes advan-lageous to hold a constant pressure on the drilling fluid, even when there is no circulation of fluid. This is done with the scoop tube coupling by adjusting the tube to give the desired driving torque at the rated speed of the prime mover. As the scoop control coupling visions for cooling the coupling fluid, this condition of full slip in the coupling can be maintained for an extended period without overheating the coupling. Variable speed couplings are also used in the matic control of superchargers on airplanes. In this case the reduction in air pressure, as the plane gains altitude operates a diaphragm which introduces Auid into the The higher the plane goes, the more fluid is introduced into the coupling and the more the coupling output speed increases. This increase in fluid and output speed is regulated so that the output speed of the coupling, and, in turn, the speed of the supercharger, will be correct for any given altitude. LIMITATIONS OF HYDRAULIC COUPLINGS Hydraulic couplings are best fitted for those drives in which the prime mover is operating at a uniform speed over long periods of time and where the output speed and torque are fairly constant. Couplings are not 900 700 500 400 Engine speed variation, friction clutch on engine: 120-143 pound pressure; left, 22.2 strokes per minute; right, 19.4 strokes per minute. NOVEMBER 1945 Page 13 Hydraulic coupling installed on oil-well pumping engine reduces variations in engine speed and impact loads on sucker rods. suitable for operating at various input speeds or on loads where the torque requirements change rapidly. An examination of the typical performance curve of a hydraulic coupling driven by an electric motor shows that the coupling output speed stalls under full torque at about three quarters normal prime mover speed. This prevents using the coupling at reduced prime mover speeds. HYDRAULIC TORQUE CONVERTERS Hydraulic torque converters consist of three basic members. The impeller, or pump, provides a means of imparting kinetic energy to the fluid as in the coupling, but in this case the pump is so designed that it will operate in one direction only. The turbine consists of several sets of blades which absorb the energy of the fuid. Between each set of turbine blades is a set of reaction blades which are stationary and which redirect the flow of fluid from one set of turbine blades to the next. The reaction blades and turbine blades are very similar in appearance to the blades in a conventional steam turbine and the impeller has the appearance of a Page 14 simple centrifugal pump. The torque converter is not reversible, nor can the driven or turbine blade be used as driving members. The output and input members of a torque converter are very different in appearance, and the output and input speeds and torques are also very different. The output speed of the torque converter varies from full engine speed at zero torque to zero speed at five times engine torque. Thus we can see that the converter runs at zero efficiency both at stalled output speed and when the output speed equals the speed of the prime mover. The hydraulic torque converter is a very successful hydraulic transmission between these two limits. One of the first reactions to the converter is the loss of from 15 to 30 per cent of developed horsepower when working in the recommended speed limits of the hydraulic unit. The converter efficiency does not tell the entire story in this case, as it is the work done in a day's time that counts, not the fuel consumption nor efficiency. One of the outstanding cases of torque converters working at almost zero efficiency and getting a job done that could not be done in any other way came just after December 7, 1941. Pearl Harbor was lined with ships lying in the mud on their sides, and a means had to be found to right them. Six Wheels, Inc., in Los Angeles, built six heavy-duty winches including twin dise torque converters in the drive. These were shipped to Pearl Harbor and rigged up with the necessary blocks to pull the ships upright. For hours the converter shafts were almost stalled with the engines running at full speed and developing full horsepower. Each time a fraction of an inch was gained on the hoist drum the converter held it and a continuous pull was maintained on each hoist drum all of the time. The ships were righted and the torque converters, working much of the time at zero efficiency, get much of the credit for doing the job. No other known drive would keep the high torque on the drum drive hour after hour without rest. APPLICATIONS OF TORQUE CONVERTERS The torque converter is essentially a hydraulie transmission capable of developing torques varying from full prime-mover torque at about three-quarters speed to five times prime-mover torque at stalled output speed. A drive of this type is very useful in any operation requiring repeated changes in torque requirements, as it automatically selects the proper output torque and output speed for any load within its working limits. Hoists of all natures are the most logical application for torque converters, but study reveals many other suitable applications. One of the early commercial applications of torque converters in large numbers was made in the logging industry of Washington, Oregon, and northern Califor-nia. Internal combustion engines were replacing steam donkey engines on the hoists, but the gear transmissions fell far short of steam engine operation. Torque con- verters were installed on several hoists; they provided hoisting characteristics which did some things it was not possible to do with steam and they allowed loggers to use economical internal combustion engines in place of steam donkey engines. Each section of log to be moved would vary in weight and the hydraulic torque converter automatically selected the maximum speed at which any given log could be moved or hoisted. In yarder hoists the units driving through torque converters are able to hoist the logs at full throttle, hold them suspended at an even elevation while swinging them over the truck bed with the engines at partial throttle, and ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY then lower them against the torque converter as the engine throttle is closed a little more. In this entire operation it is not necessary to touch a single elutch or brake lever from the time the log is hoisted until it is in position on the truck bed. All movements hoisting. holding, and lowering are done by control through the engine throttle only. In addition it has been found that many more logs can be loaded each day with converter-equipped units, and wire line and chockers give materially greater life. Another early commercial application of torque converters was that made to oil-field hoisting equipment, or drawworks. The torque converter proved in the oil fields, as in the logging industry, that it would do more work in a day than similar units not provided with this hydraulic drive. It also proved that over-all maintenance on the rigs was greatly reduced through the protection of the hydraulie drive. The torque converter has its best opportunity to show its advantage in pulling the drill pipe from the hole, as each stand of pipe pulled reduces the weight of the remaining pipe to be hoisted. Time studies taken on rigs equipped with torque converters show that hoisting time is reduced as each stand of pipe is removed, and this is not true on rigs powered with internal combustion engines not equipped with torque converters. The oil-field operators are also using torque converters to provide smooth power to small independent rotary table drives. These remove much of the impact loads and shock from the drill pipe and have proved their advantage in fields where they are suitable. Three interesting pump drives are now being developed in the oil field, including torque converters in the drive. This drive has often been questioned for torque converter application because of the continuous operation with maximum horsepower requirements and the possibility of damage to the pump when the stalled converter develops five times normal torque. Two of the pump drives are very special and are ideally suited for torque converter drives. One is an oil-well cementing pump used where the initial requirements on each job are to provide high-volume, low-pressure fluid. When all cement has been placed, it is necessary to build up and hold very high pressure against the cement until it has set. The other drive is used on an oil-well clean-out pump where the operator desires very high starting pressures to break circulation in the well and then wants to increase the volume rapidly as the pressure required to circulate reduces. Torque converters provide the required power and output torque to perform these jobs with the greatest assurance of successful operation. The late war was responsible for two interesting applications of torque converters. Many of the landing craft were equipped with torque converter drives in their anchor winches. These landing craft drop their anchor several hundred feet before they run up onto the beach. When they have unloaded, the throttle on the anchor winch engine is opened and the drive through the converter puts a strain on the anchor line. This AT TOP: Hydraulic torque converters on oil-well drilling unit improve hoisting performance and reduce maintenance cost. AT BOTTOM: Duplex reciprocating pump driven through torque converter insures maximum pressure and volume under all conditions. (See also cover illustration caption, page 1.) NOVEMBER 1945 strain is greatest at stalled speeds, but is substantial up to a speed equal to the reverse speed of the craft. The hydraulic torque converter insures maximum pull on the anchor line at all times and also sufficient speed on the spooling drum to make sure that all slack is taken up as the boat is floated by the combination of the anchor line pull and action of the waves. Many of the army tractors used in transporting mod. erate field pieces included torque converters in their drive. The latest of these units are powered by iwo 215-horsepower engines, each equipped with its own torque converter. It has been proved that the smooth flow of power to the tractor treads has allowed the converter-equipped tractors to move equipment in areas where other units cannot travel. The army tractors an outgrowth of early developments of Allis-Chalmers with converter-equipped industrial tractors, and Allis-Chalmers is again in production of these units in limited City buses, heavy-duty short-haul trucks, and rail cars show other interesting applications of torque converters to mobile equipment. Many of the newer buses in Los Angeles are now equipped with They can be identified by their rapid acceleration and even engine speed. No change in exhaust sound can he detected as the buses pick up speed, since they do not shift gears and the engines maintain maximum speed at all times. The loss of efficiency at high road speeds limits the use of torque converters, but this is not a problem on city buses in view of the number of stops and starts they make and the short distances they travel at high speeds. Rail cars present a different problem. They require high starting torque and smooth application of power to the wheels in starting the trains. but they also require full power and speed between stops. Special direct-drive converters are used for drives on buses and rail cars so the operator can shift from converter drive to direct drive when the high starting torque is not required. Many other suitable applications will no doubt be developed for torque converters. At the present time plans are being made for off-the-highway trucks with a pounds, powered by two 200- horsepower engines driving through torque converters. Fishing boats are also using converters to provide a constant strain on the lines used in recovering their The Navy uses torque converters on sub- marine net hoists guarding one southern California LIMITATIONS OF TORQUE CONVERTERS Care must be used in selecting the ratio of all drives in connection with torque converters in order that they may do most of the work in the efficient range of the converter. The high torque developed in the output shaft also places added loads on all conventional gear trains installed in many pieces of machinery. The loss of an average of 25 per cent of power through the converter makes this type of drive undesirable in those units operating at their maximum horsepower capacity and relative uniform loads for long periods of time. SUMMARY OF HYDRO-KINETIC DRIVES Both hydraulic couplings and hydraulie torque converters require relative high input speeds in order to operate to their best advantage. Industrial internal combustion engines operating at 1400 rpm and greater rates suitable for use with the present hydraulir Both drives provide smooth starting of loads, Page 16 prevent overloading and stalling the prime mover, and absorh much of the torsional vibration of the engines. Couplings are suitable on constant-speed, constant-torque drives where elciency in excess of 95 per cent is desired. Torque converters are adaptable to those operations in which the prime mover will be operated at various speeds and loads, and where the output speed and torque varies with successive operations. There are many applications in which couplings and converters not suitable, and many more suitable applications will be developed as more experience is gained with these drives. Each new development will require careful study of the operations to be performed and careful engineering to select proper speed and torque requirements. POSITIVE HYDRAULIC DRIVES In addition to the hydro-kinetic units which have been described. there are several fine positive hydraulic drive units in widespread use in industry. These units are often built into various machine tools and generally develop but a low horsepower. In this type of drive a hydraulic pump provides a flow of Auid at the required pressure and volume for the drive, The nd is calien thro suitable lines to the positive-driven hydraulic motor. most types of positive drive units either the pump or the motor has a variable volume control to regulate the speed of the driven unit. One of the manufacturers of positive hydraulie drives very aptly compares his mil with an electric generator and an electric motor. hydraulic pump generates hydraulie power which can he transported reasonable distances and around obstructions to the hydraulie motor, just as electricity can be carried over wires. The power developed depends upon the volume and pressure of the fluid. just as electric power depends upon the voltage and current. hydraulie drives have three outstanding characteristics. The hydraulic motors can be reversed very easily. a wide range of motor speeds can be ob tained, and the hydraulic power can easily be transported reasonable distances through suitable pipes. The hv-draulic fluid is in a closed circuit so that it is used repeatedly. The positive hydraulie drive units do not have the ability to absorb shock loade which is so characteristic of the hydro-kinetic drives. ESSENTIAL OILS (Continued from Page 9) for plant life and as if. beeause of the nature of the oils. the plant reacted by walling them off. as is also the case when intradermal oil injections are made in animals. The question has repeatedly come up as to what fune-tion the oils could have in plants. and many guesses have been made. such as the attraction of insects for pollination, protection against snails or other enemies. sealing of wounds, varnish against excessive evaporation. etc. The experimental evidence for these opinions is not very strong: it rests on a few individual experiments which do not allow generalization. The interesting field of the biochemistry of the oils. which also includes our perception of these as odors and favors, is still practicall a closed book. Our chief interest up to the present has been to enrich our statistical knowledge. mostly in view of commercial advan-tages. A diversion of this interest to the underlying biochemical principles will undoubtedly be of benefit to all concerned. ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY C.I.T. NEWS ADMINISTRATIVE REORGANIZATION TE retirement of Dr. R. A. Millikan was announced, together with other administrative changes, in the August issue of Engineering and Science. The Board of Trustees has anounced new appointments which will be of interest to the alumni. Professor E. C. Watson has been appointed Dean of the Faculty, a position which has not heretofore existed at the Institute. appointed chairman of the Division of Physics, Mathe- matics and Electrical Engineering. This position was formerly held by Professor R. A. Millikan. Professor F. C. Lindvall has been appointed chairman of the Division of Civil and Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics. This position was formerly occupied by Dean Franklin Thomas, who remains as head of the Civil Engineering Department and Dean of Upper Classmen. Professor J. E. Wallace Sterling, who is a member of the newly formed executive committee, has been appointed Edward S. Harkness Professor of History and Government. This professorship was formerly held by Professor William B. Munro, who has retired, becoming a member of the Board of Trustees and Treasurer of the Institute. Harry J. Bauer, member of the Board of Trustees, has been appointed a member of the Observatory Council. The Board of Trustees has transferred the Department of Meteorology to the Division of the Geological Sciences. These actions were made effective September 15, 1915. On November 10 it was announced that two engineers whose scientific skill aided materially in winning the war on opposite sides of the world have returned to civil life by joining the faculty at California Institute of Technology. Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur P. Banta, who won high praise as an army sanitary engineer in the Pacific, rejoined the stall as associate professor of sanitary en-gineering. after a four-year military leave of absence. Dr. George W. Housner, advisor of generals on aerial gunnery and bombing tactics in Africa and Italy, joined the faculty for the first time as assistant professor of applied mechanics. As chief of the Army's War Planning Section, with headquarters at Honolulu, Colonel Banta had charge of design, construction, and initial operation of water supply and sewerage systems in the Pacific theater. Author of numerous articles on sewage disposal sys-tems. Colonel Banta was graduated in 1926 from Stanford University with an A.B. degree, and from California Institute of Technology in 1928 with a Master of Science degree in civil engineering. He is married and lives at 159 Sierra View Road. A structural engineer here before the war, Dr. Hous ner became chief analyst of the First Operations An- alysis Section, 15th Air Force, in 1913. In that capacity he advised high-ranking otheers on bombing weights necessary for certain operations, with reference to different terrain conditions, and on other problems. NOVEMBER 1945 Working under his direction was a consulting body of 20 physicists, mathematicians, and electronics en- gineers Major-General N. F. Twining, commanding officer of the 15th Air Force, commended him highly for "employing innumerable innovations in operational procedure and technique." Unmarried, he lives with his family in Flintridge. He is a graduate of University of Michigan. with a b.S degree in 1931, and of California Institute of Tech nology, with a Ph.D. received in 1911. An expert in engineering seismology, he has written numerous articles on earthquakes and their effect on structures. ATHLETICS By H. Z. MUSSELMAN, Director of Physical Education Bouncing back after an early season slump, Caltech's football team won the last three games on the schedule to finish the season with a record of four wins and two losses. Coach Pete Brown's lads turned in a neat game in trouncing U. C.L.A. Junior Varsity, 6-0. Outplaying the heavier and favored Bruins, Tech drove for its touchdown in the fourth quarter with fullback Dutch Schi-nenz leading the sustained march and bucking over for the touchdown. The best game of the season was the 32-20 triumph over San Diego State. With halfbacks Jerry Wozniak and Lloyd Chamberlain skirting the ends, and fullbacks Dutch Schimenz and Mort Powell tearing the line to shreds, the Beaver offense rolled up a total of 383 yards from scrimmage. The Tech line, consisting of Hubert Clark and Don Hibbard ends, Bill Libbey and Dennis Long tackles, Milt Strauss and Norman Lee guards, and John Gerpheide center, consistently outplayed the heavy State line and opened up holes which sprung the backs loose for long gains. In the second quarter Schimenz broke loose for a 55-yard run, and later in the quarter scored after a 15-yard run. In the final period Mor Powell raced 65 yards to produce the final Tech marker. In the final game, Tech experienced little difficulty in administering a 19.0 defeat to Occidental, subduing the Tigers for the second time of the season. With Schimenz, Powell, Wozniak, and Root again spearheading the at-tack, the Engineers registered 317 yards from scrimmage while holding the Bengals to 61 yards. The season's results: Caltech — 7 Redlands 13 - 20 Occidental 6 Cal Poly 7 6 U.C.L.A. JVs 32 San Diego State. 20 10 Occidental 90 40 At the opening of the new semester, Coach Carl Shy greeted with a record turnout of basketball men, but found only three lettermen-Jerry Schneider center. Stuart Bates forward, and Dennis Ahern guard-return-ing from last year's team. However, much material should be uncovered from the 240 V-5 trainees and the 75 civilian frosh who are just entering the Institute this semester. With all the Southern Conference schools being represented by teams for the first time since 1943, "home Page 17 and home" games have been scheduled with Occidental. Pomona. Whittier, and Redlands. Additional contests will be scheduled with U.S. C.. U. C. L. A.. Pepperdine. and various service units. All home games will again he played at the Pasadena Armory. The schedule: Sat. Dec. 1 Whittier Fri. Dec. 7 Occidental Fri. Dec. 14 Caltech Fri. Dec. 21 Caltech Sat. Jan. 5 Caltech Fri. Jan. 11 Redlands at Caltech at Caltech at Redlands at U. C. L. A. at Whittier at Caltech Sat. Jan. 12 Caltech Sat. Jan. 18 Caltech at Pomona Fri. Jan. 25 Caltech Sat. Jan. 26 Pepperdine at Caltech Sat. Feb. 2 The Institute has just announced the appointment of Mason Anderson to the physical education staff. son was stationed at the Institute as a chief specialist in the Navy V.12 unit from May, 1914, to June. 1915. and coached the 1911 football team which produced such an enviable record. Prior to entering service. Ander- son coached the high school teams at Trinidad. (olorado. Raton. New Mexico, and Colorado Springs. Colorado. to several championships. Having recently received his discharge from the Navy. Anderson took up his duties i the Institute at the opening of the semester on October 29 and at present will supervise the physical education and intramural program and assist Coach Shy in coach- had recently returned to the United States after spending a vear in the battle areas of Europe in the capacity of a director of communications. His job was to supply communication facilities for all the armed forces and hospitals. These facilities included telephone. telegraph (for coded messages. and manually operated Of the many problems encountered in the tremendous job of maintaining communications, two seemed to stand out as the toughest. For one thing. the field wires were necessarily strung along the side of roads because the fields had not been cleared of land mines. Mr. Hitchcock said the Germans had placed literally millions of mines in very effective locations, doing the damage they were intended to do in a very efficient manner. If it had been possible to string wires across country the work would have been made much easier. The second problem was an outcome of the first. Because of the fact that wires were strung along roads. communications were continually interrupted by war vehicles of various sorts. breaking the wires when they accidentally left the road. In most cases distance between repeater stations was not too great. when a break occurred, a complete new line would be strung between stations rather than take the time to hunt for the interference. As a result of this, the trees. hedgerows. poles, etc. were festooned with miles of wires of various sizes and purposes, making it almost impossible to identify any one line. Mr. Hitchcock paid high tribute to the men in the armed forces who through their ingenuity were able to erect and maintain communication facilities under very OCTOBER ALUMNI MEETING By W. H. SIMPSON …HE October meeting of the Alumm Association wa • a dinner meeting held at the Universit Club in Los Angeles with Al Knight, class of 1922, as host. In the absence of Charley Varney. the meeting was ably presided over by Allen Laws. '26. vice-president of the Association. There were 68 people for dinner. including three members of the faculty and about six guests, which made a fairly good turnout. The speaker was H. W. Hitcheock. chief engineer of the Southern California Telephone Co. Mr. Hitchcock MAJOR EDWIN R. KENNEDY RECEIVES CITATION Major Edwin R. Kennedy. Air Force, was awarded the Legion of Merit in July by the Commanding General. United States Forces. China Theater. at the Edgewood Arsenal where he is presently stationed. The citation reads as follows: "Major Edwin R. Kennedy. 0 339 409. Air Corps. is awarded the Legion of Merit for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding service from 21 May 1947 to 26 January 1945 as technician in charge of producing a gasoline substitute for motor vehicle use in China. Adequate quantities of motor rehicle gasoline could not be brought over the "Hump' owing to limited air tonnage allotments, and Major Kennedy was brought to China to develop a local product for use as a substitute. After conducting large number of tests of various fuels. he selected alcohol as the best substitute avalable in sufficient quantities in China. ninets per cent gasoline never before had been engines, he succeeded in obtaining efficient operation with blends of serenty-five per cent alcohol and twenty-five per cent gasoline with only miner modifications of government vehicles. The use of this blend resulted in a monthly saving of more than 1.800 tons of air freight. which permitted greater quantities of other vital material to be brought to China and directly increased the scope of combat operations in that theater. which reflects gret credit upon Major Kennedy and upon the American military service. Page 18 DECEMBER ALUMNI MEETING On December 13. members of the Alumni Association will enjoy a dinner meeting at the University Club in Los Angeles. Mr. R. G. Kenyon. vice president of the Southern California Edison Company. will talk on Labor-Management Relations. Announcements will be in the mail a week or so prior to the date of this meeting. The January meeting will be held on the 17th of the month with dinner at the University Club. Mr. Verne Orr. Vice President. Chrysler Pacific Corp.. will be the speaker of the evening. The annual dance will be held in February. PERSONALS Ex. 1923 LIEUTENANT - COLONEL VERNON JAEGER. 9lst "Powder River" Division chaplain. arrived in the States on Septem- her 11 with elements of his division, veterans of the Ttalian campaign. Going overseas in April. 1944, Chaplain Jaeger served with the Fir Tree Division throughout the Italian campaign. He won the Bronze Star Medal for meritorious service in support of combat operations it civilian May. 1915. In life. Chaplain Jaeger was pastor of the First Baptist Church. Port Town send. Wash. His family now Pasadena. Calif. lives in 1927 HOMAS L. GOTTIER holds the pos tion t chief television enginee for the Raytheon Manufacturing Co. of New York. N. Y RICHARD DODGE has moved to south- ern California with his family. 1929 LIEUTENANT-COMMANDER FRANK W. THOMPSON has returned to the ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY States from duty in the Pacific area aboard the U.S.S. California, where he took part in the invasions of Saipan, Tinian, Guam, Leyte Gulf, and Lingayen Gulf. Com- mander Thompson is Kaiser Shipyards in nOW stationed at Richmond, Calif 1932 PAUL ARNERICH is a service engineer for Douglas Aircraft at Santa Calif. Monica, 1933 Pacific id Enterprise Productsloyed by the Enterprise Products Los Augeles as an electrical engineer. 1936 VERNE L. PEUGH visited at the Insti- tute last month. Verne is chief engineer for Winston Bros. Co., constructors engineers of Minneapolis, Minn. and SIDNEY SCHAFER works for American Production Co., Houston, as chief geologist and geophysicist. Pan Tex., 1937 V. C. KELLEY is on the staff of the geology department at the University of New Mexico, in Albuquerque, and spends his field seasons with the metals of the U.S.G.S., largely in Colorado. VICTOR H. CHURCH is an instructor in the geology department at Utah State University, Logan, 1938 LIEUTENANT (j.g.) JOHN R. BAKER is stationed at the Naval Air Technical Training Center in Memphis, Tenn. He was formerly at the Aviation Supply Of- fice in Philadelphia for 20 months. HERBERT ELLIS. who has been with the Engineering and Transition Office of the O.S.R.D. in Washington, D. C., visited the Institute in September and ex- pects to move his family to southern California and resume residence in La Canada. MICHEL AMBROFF is doing consulting work as a technical design coordinator. DONALD D. DAVIDSON and Miss Corinne Nelms were married on October 6 at Long Beach, Calif. 1939 WILLIAM M. NORTON is a member of the purchasing director's staff of the Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corp., San Diego, Calif. CAPTAIN LLOYD ZUMWALT is in residence at Oak Ridge, Tenn., and works for the Manhattan gineers. District, U. En- Ex. '39 TECHNICAL SERGEANT JOHN BILL-HEIMER is employed by the U. S. En-gineers, Manhattan District, and also lives at Oak Ridge, Tenn. 1940 ENSIGN CYDNOR BIDDISON, who received his commission last October, has recently been assigned as assistant navigator on a newly commissioned refrigerator store ship of the Navy. LIEUTENANT RUSSELI DOOLIT- TLE, U.S.N.R., is now serving his second tour of duty in the Pacific area. 1941 QUENTIN ELLIOTT was married to Miss Dolores Benedict of Denison. Texa on July 19. Quentin is now with the de. partment of chemical engineering at the Naval Ordnance Test Calif. Station, Inyokern, GEORGE H. BRAMHALL and Miss Elizabeth Irene Bird were married in a formal wedding September 16 at Schenec-tady, N. Y WILTON A. STEWART announces the arrival of David Michael on September 5. LLOYD A. LEWIS is a petroleum geologist with the Shell Co., alternating he- tween Alberta and the Ventura Basin. NOVEMBER 1945 LOUIS S. STIVERS, JR., is an aero- visory Committee for Aeronautics at Lang-FREDERICK W. THIELE is working as a research staff member at the Insti- tute, under Dr. Carl Anderson. LIEUTENANT (j.g.) TOM ELLIOTT, after serving 18 months in aviation maintenance at the Naval Air Station at Hono-lulu, visited in southern California before reporting to his new station at LIEUTENANT Seattle. AL LANDAU is com- pany commander with an ordnance evacuation outht Germany. officer in company and is extremely busy. Because of the nature of his work and lack of "points," Al doesn't expect to get home before June or July of next year. LIEUTENANT J. F. McCLAIN, who is stationed at the Naval Repair Base at San Diego, visited the Institute in September. Lieutenant McClain is planning to return to the Institute at termination of service. LAWRENCE W. SMITH is working as an engineer in design and construction of butane-propane pumps in South Pasa dena, Calif Lawrence is married and has a son, born in November of last year. ENSIGN JOSEPH FRANZINI visited friends at the Institute in September dur ing his leave, after which he was going out to sea again on transport duty. ALVIN R. PIATT has been discharged from the Navy and has moved to southern California from Washington, D. C., where he was an officer in the Naval Research Laboratory. 1943 LIEUTENANT (j.g.) ROLAND S. SAYE, who has been with Mine Assembly Ordnance at Yorktown, Pa, is now assigned to a unit to go overseas with a light-duty garage for overhauling light- duty stock, JM PRODUCTS CORRUGATED AND FLAT TRANSITE for Industrial Buildings arine Engineering & Supply Co. engineers recommend Corrugated and Flat Transite for Industrial Buildings because: It is almost indestructible. It can't burn, can't rust, can't rot. It is quickly and easily installed requires no maintenance and is 100% salvageable. For complete details about the use of this modern construction material, write for FREE 80-page illustrated Bulletin. Manine ENGINEERING & SUPPLY CO. 941 EAST SECOND ST. • LOS ANGELES • MICHIGAN 8071 IN Page 19 Welcome Home! 2,393 veterans have already come back to work for the Southern Pacific Pacific men and women who toned the arme forces. Those who have been discharged, we gladly welcome back to the Southern Pacific. Our policy in re-employing veterans is very simple. The Southern Pacific Company wants its family together again. While these men and women were away, their seniority advanced just as if they were here on the job. Their continuity of service has been maintained for pension purposes. And Southern Pacific has arranged with the Veterans Administration to participate in a program of training courses for our partially disabled veterans. We believe that most of our returning war veterans will want to come back with us. Already, of the 2,768 former Southern Pacific people returned to civilian life, 2,393 have come back to work for their railroad. These people know that Southern Pacific's war work did not end with the surrender of Japan. Millions of men from overseas must still be returned to their homes. .... That so many of our veterans came back to Southern Pacific indicates a determination to finish the job and a faith in our Company's future that makes me, per-sonally, very proud of every one of them. A. T. MERCIER, President S•P The Friendly Southern Pacific Page 20 PETER DEHLINGER is working as geophysicist in the Los Angeles office the Shell Oil Co. His second child, Peter, was born in November, 1944. the arrival of a daughter. Beth, born on LIT'S spent 19 months in the southwest with Motor Torpedo Squadron 11 as a radar officer. During his month, Lieutenant Willits vis- ited friends at the Institute. report to a P.T. training center at Mel-LIEUTENANT (i.g.) MITCHELL DA. ZEY, while on a 30-day leave, visited at the Institute last month. was at Espiritu Santo for 15 months Harbor. and had a six weeks trip to Guam. Ulithi and Eniwetok. At the end of his leave. he was going to a mine depot station at Yorktown, Va. LIEUTENANT (j.g.) EARLE R. AT. and Miss Myrtle L. Brockman of Long Beach, Calif., were married the evening of September 8, Jack French '43 was best man. The Atkinses plan to at Yorktown. Va. where Earle will be stationed at the mine depot. ENSIGN KENNETH ROSS DE RE MER. U.S.N.R., is engaged in radio. radar, and sonar work aboard the U.S.S. Biloxi. ENSIGN JOHN J. GARLAND, after completing his destroyer training program at Norfolk. Va.. was assigned to the U.S.S. Mayo, which left August 1 for the Pacific FRANK C. SMITIl is an aviation radio technician. second class. now stationed at preradio training in Chicago, radio at the University of Houston. and a radar course at Corpus Christi. Tex. ing his old friends at the Institute ENRIQUE SILGADO, after completing years of graduate work in under the auspices of the Institute of In. ternational Education. returned by plane ENSIGN NEVILLE LONG iS at Guam as adiutant with the 76th N.C.B. and hopes to see Tech men as they pass LIEUTENANT FRED MORRIS in high-frequeney and radar at Fort Monmouth, in sonthern California on a 20-day leave in September. University of Michi specializine in chemical and metal- lurgical engineering. GEORGE FEIN was married to Miss Marjorie Frances Goodman on September 1 at San Francisco. Calif. They are mak- ina their home in Pasadena. Calif. Ex. '45 LIEUTENINT GENE FISHER. Who has been flying in a combat carrier squadron all over Burma and China. expects to return to the Statre soon on leave and possibly receire discharge. Gene. who made his "T in cross-countre in 1942. recently found an opportinite to continue his distance running when in track meet he qualified. with 11 other men. out of a field of 90. for the finals and placed filth. Gene has two Distinguished Flying Crosses. four Air Medals, and three battle stars to his credit. ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY OLDSMOLOY for Food Equipment (Oldsmoloy castings for juice extractors) Photo courtery Bireley's Division of General Foods Cork METALS VROMAN'S Sy: 3-1171 Ry: 1-6669 86o L & Statio St. fice Equipme 271 E. Colorado S INSURANCE BROKERS EMETT & CHANDLER LOS ANGELES W. P. STORY BLDG. TRinity 8881 ATKINSON LOS ANGELES Photographic Research LABORATORY CALIFORNIA Photographic Chemicals Ralph B. Atkinson, '30 200 N. Olive Street JACK PRITCHETT Bullding Constructor Reinforced Concrete Homes Phone Rialto 205M Rialto, California Outstanding for food machinery because of its resistance to most food acids, OLDSMOLOY-the unique white bronze—will take and retain an extremely high polish. Its toughness resists the abrasive wear found in association with corrosion in food machinery parts. OLDSMOLOY offers many advantages as bearings, gears and miscellaneous parts in many kinds of food machinery subject to corrosive action. Vrite fo Bulletir giving complete information about OLDSMOLOY for food equipment. ULUS HILUT отран 8686 Rheem Ave., Southgate, Calif. suburb of los Angeles Rotary Positive Pumps Blowers Sutorbilt "Is Well Built" Superchargers High Speed Industrial FANS D. DWIGHT TAYLOR Consulting Physicist Special Engineering Calculations Numerical. Integration-Subdivision Calculations 234 E. Colorado Street, Pasadena 1, Calit. TECHNICAL DESIGN COORDINATOR CO. Complete Mechirera, enricer hy Sevic Automotive and Consulting-Research-Design and Development 6218 Ventura Bouleva STate 4-4905 icina, Cal ANgelus 0580 COLLING PUBLISHING COMPANY "Consulting Publishers" Textbooks-Brochures-Pamphlets 124 West 4th Street, Los Angeles 13, Calif. MUtual 8051 In the kitchen, DFPA "Plypanel" is used for smooth, firm, sturdy flush doors and other built-in detail and cabinet work. For a firm, smooth surface under a linoleum floor, use ¼" or 3/8" Plywall over a Plyscord subfloor. Sound 1 Side Plypanel is used under drainboard and counter linoleum. Here's why does many jobs better ... in bath and kitchen In the bathroom and kitchen of a house Dri-Bilt with Douglas fir plywood, several different grades of the "modern miracle wood" are used to great advantage. PLYWOOD BACKING gives a firm, smooth surface for linoleum, asphalt tile, etc. When laying linoleum, asphalt tile or other similar covering on floors or drainboards, the following procedure is recommended: over the PLYSCORD subfloor, lay panels of ¼" or ⅜" PLYWALL grade Douglas fir plywood. The smooth, tight face of Ply-wall affords a highly satisfactory base for finish flooring. Under linoleum on drain-boards and counter tops, ¾" Plypanel (Sound 1 Side grade) should be used to provide a smooth, firm warp-proof base. D.F.P.A. "Plypanel" is the ideal material for flush doors and other built in details. PLYPANEL is the grade of Douglas fir plywood which is available in both Sound 1 Side and Sound 2 Side appearance grades. The latter-Sound 2 Side is recommended for cupboards and built-ins, or for any other use where both sides. of the panel will be permanently exposed. In using Ply-panel for flush doors, both sides of the doors as well as the edges, should be painted. For information write Douglas Fir Plywood Association, Tacoma 2, Washing-ton. Because of its many advantages, Douglas fir plywood is now available only for and other essential building. needs it will again serve you as one of your most versatile building materials. DOUGLAS FIR PLYWOOD BY THESE "GRADE TRADE MARKS" Specify EXT. PLYPANEL DEPA DOUCLAS FIR PLYfORM Concrele Form Panel D. F. P. A GENUINE PLY WALL Douglas Fir Plywood WALLBOARD PiNSPECTO CENUNE -PLYSCORD-SHEATHING D. FAR A DOUGLAS FIR PLYWOOD LARGE. LIGHT. STRONG. Real Wood PANELS