Engineering and Science, Volume 22:9, June 1959

... . MARS outstanding design SERIES Books automated bridge The bridge of tomorrow will be self-activating, equipped with electric-eye controls and an anti-freeze sys-tem. No overhead structures will obstruct the view, or interfere with radio reception, according to Robert J. Companik of Chicago. In his design, the bridge is operated by pumps that draw water from the canal into the hollow structure and hold it shut by the weight of the water. To allow boats to pass, pressure is released, counterweights pull the sections together, and the bridge opens. An electric eye down the canal activates the opening and the bridge does not close until an eye on the other side is passed. Heating units keep both eyes free from snow and ice, and a brine system keeps the bridge in operation in freezing weather. Many ingenious solutions to traffic and other problems are on the boards today. To make their ingenuity clear, and to translate them from idea into reality, requires the best of drafting tools. In pencils, of course, that means Mars, long the standard of professionals. Some outstanding new products have recently been added to the famous line of Mars-Technico push-button holders and leads, Lumograph pencils, and Tradition-Aquarell painting pencils. These include the Mars Pocket-Technico for field use: the effi cient Mars lead sharpener and "Draftsman" pencil sharpener with the adjustable point-length feature; Mars Lu-mochrom, the color-drafting pencils and leads that make color-coding possible; the new Mars Non-Print pencils and leads that "drop out" your notes and sketches when drawings are reproduced. The 2886 Mars-Lumograph drawing pencil, 19 de-grees, EXEXB to 9H. The 1001 Mars-Technico push-button lead holder. 1904 Mars-Lumograph imported leads, 18 degrees, EXB to 9H. Mars-Lumochrom color-drafting pencil, 24 colors. 9880 江 J.S. S TAETLER, INC. MARS HACKENSACK, NEW JERSEY: at all good engineering and drawing material suppliers Nuclear Magnetic Resonance by John D. Roberts McGraw-Hill $6.00 Reviewed by Harden M. McConnell In this book John D. Roberts, professor of organic chemistry at Caltech, is primarily concerned with applications of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to problems of modern organic chemistry. Chapter I is a concise but remarkably clear qualitative introduction to the magnetic resonance phenomenon. Each of the following four chapters deals in turn with the principal characteristic phenomena of the high resolution spectra of molecules in liquids: Chapter II deals with nuclear shield-ing, Chapter III with indirect nuclear spin-spin coupling, Chapter IV with the effects of molecular kinetic phenomena on resonance spectra, and Chapter V is concerned with nuclear quadrupole relaxation and double resonance experiments. The exposition of each of these subjects is accomplished largely by means of illustrative spectra, many of which are taken from Professor Roberts' own research work. For organic chemists As an introduction to the structural applications of nuclear magnetic resonance this is an excellent book for organic chemists, particularly since so many illustrations are given in terms of structures and concepts that the organic chemist is familiar with. A physical chemist may perhaps feel just a little frustrated in reading the book, however. This is largely because so many of the subjects that are discussed here could have been treated quantitatively with relatively simple mathematies and physical principles. All in all, however, the interests of the general reader and the organic chemist are doubtless best served by Professor Roberts' qualitative but lucid introduction to the subject. Harden M. McConnell, associate professor of physical chemistry, received his PhD from Caltech in 1951. Engineering and Science Volume XXII ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE June 1959 "How pure can a research program be, and still command public support? How practical can it be allowed to become without losing the essential spirit of true scholarship?" Problems of Financing Research at a Private University by L. A. DuBridge I wish to introduce this subject by talking about research problems at one private institution - namely, Caltech. I know that these problems will be found in other institutions - both private and public. And I know also that quite different problems may be faced by still other institutions - both private and public. Caltech is a small private institution with a highly selected student body, restricted to about 700 undergraduate and 500 graduate students. When it was reorganized into its present form in 1920, it became devoted to the proposition that research and teaching should be inseparable activities in a school of science and engineering. Hence small teaching loads, adequate funds for research, and a small student body selected for its creative and research potential have always been the ideals — and these ideals have, to a substantial extent, been achieved. A second pair of ideals was also adopted; namely, that all research activities should be of a basic nature aimed at the extension of knowledge - but, at the same time, the Institute would choose its fields of interest in such a way as to be of maximum service to the community and to the nation. Thus, at the same time that cosmic-ray research was begun in 1921, there was also initiated a program of research on the problems of high-voltage transmission of electric power. Structural organic chemistry and aeronautical engineering came along next. Later, genetics and jet propulsion - and so on. In this respect Caltech and many other institutions face a serious choice. How "pure" can the research program be, as a whole, and still command community and public support? How practical can it be allowed to become without losing the essential spirit of true scholarship, the search for new knowledge? There is, of course, no unique answer to this dilem- June 1959 This article has been adapted from a talk given by President DuBridge at the Symposium on Basic Research held at the Rockefeller Institute in New York City on May 14. The symposium was sponsored by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and the National Academy of Sciences. The entire symposium record will shortly be published in book form by the AAAS. 7 ma. Yet every institution must find some answer which is both consistent with its own ideals and consonant with its circumstances and responsibilities. Our aim at Caltech has been to lean over backward in the direction of basic or pure research, and I shall try to explain how we seek to maintain this posture under today's conditions. First, we find that a small student body is a prime asset. If our teaching load were allowed to outrun our research capacity, we would then have a large teaching staff inadequately provided with research facilities or funds. The pressure would be great to accept any kind of research task for which funds were made available, just to keep the faculty busy. This, you will admit, could lead to unhappy results. The problem of selection But even under the best circumstances the selection of research activities and research fields remains a critical problem. The momentary glamor of a well fi- resisted in favor of the long-term benefits of more basic research activities. To assist in reviewing this situation our faculty and trustees invented the device of a faculty committee on sponsored research. Before an actual proposal for research support can be forwarded to any outside agency - private or government — it must be reviewed by this committee to be sure that it conforms to our ideas of what constitutes basic research. Inasmuch as this committee, with a rotating membership, has been in existence for many years (since 1946) its policies have been well established and are well known to the faculty. It does not often have to veto a project any more. But it has done so and can do so at any time. This does not mean that there have been no "prac-tical" projects. There have been many - even in the basic science fields. For example, a few years ago one of our biochemists, Professor Haagen-Smit, who had had one too many sniffs of the famous Los Angeles smog, went into his laboratory to see if he could artificially create that characteristic odor. With one eye on the Los Angeles motor traffic and the other on Calitornia sunshine, he was soon able to show that gasoline vapor plus ultraviolet light did produce a typical smog cloud, and he had soon elucidated the basic ideas of the chemistry of that particular type of air pollution. However, it is in the engineering departments that the most difficult questions arise as to what is fundamental research and what is practical development which could be more appropriately done in commercial laboratories. Engineering is applied science, and engineering research must have some relevance to the practical needs of men. Yet, even here it is normally possible to distinguish the projects which are aimed toward a basic extension of engineering knowledge and toward new contributions to engineering practice, 8 from those which are aimed solely at the perfection of particular devices or techniques. Our computer laboratory does not aim principally at the improvement of computer circuitry, but rather at basically new ways of using the computer as an instrument to solve scientific, engineering and technical problems, and as a tool to aid in the development of applied mathematics. The aeronautics laboratory does not design airplanes; it learns about the properties of air flow. One useful criterion which helps many decisions in this field is that to be acceptable in any area a research program must be one which is consistent with and contributes to the educational program. This means it must be one in which graduate students can participate. This means, among other things, it must not be "classified," either for reasons of trade secrecy or military security. Also, it must not be one which provides exclusive patent rights to the sponsor. As far as the on-campus program is concerned, these rules are now rigidly followed. Does that mean we have no way of being of service in the field of national defense or industrial develop-ment? Not necessarily. When we have found it necessary or desirable - since the close of World War II - to undertake classified activities, they have been done in off-campus installations where restricted access does not inconvenience the teaching program or interrupt the free access to all parts of the campus. We operate two such off-campus installations now: the government-owned Jet Propulsion Laboratory (now the principal laboratory of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for space flight re-search) and the Cooperative Wind Tunnel (owned cooperatively by a group of aircraft companies). In both cases Caltech initiated the work of these laboratories during the war and has continued them ever since under a nonprofit management contract. A number of years ago a temporary project was carried on in leased space about two miles from the campus. Thus we are enabled to preserve the condition of free access to all parts of the campus by faculty and students, which we regard as a precious asset not to be relinquished except in times of extreme emergency. The problem of finance How, then, is our basic research program financed? Here again it must be emphasized that in our case the size of the faculty is determined by the total funds that are available rather than by the number of students to be taken care of. Nevertheless, our able research staff does have an insatiable appetite for more research funds and for contmually expanding research programs. Hence, the problems of financing the rapidly rising costs of research and the rapidly growing program are severe indeed. It may be of interest to list our sources of support. Engineering and Science In listing them I shall list support for both teaching and research, for I do not know how to determine at Caltech how many pennies of each dollar go to teaching and how many to research. This is not because our bookkeeping department is inefficient, but only because we purposely mix the two activities so thoroughly that separate budgeting is impossible even in principle. Out of a total campus budget of 9 million dollars (in 1957-58), endowment income provided 32 per-cent; gifts and grants from nongovernment sources provided 20 percent; government grants and contracts (including overhead) provided 35 percent; and tuition and other sources provided 13 percent. During the past 10 years the total budget has doubled. The percentage (but not total volume) of government funds has declined (from 41 to 35 percent), that of private gifts has risen (from 13.5 to 20 per-cent), and the others have remained nearly constant. We hope and expect that these various sources of support will retain the present relative positions in the future - that is, in round numbers: endowment, 30 percent; gifts, 30 percent; government contracts, 30 percent; tuition, 10 percent. Whether this is just the right ratio or not, no one can say. But one can say that maintaining all of these sources of support is of very great importance to any private institution. It is, of course, just here that all private institutions have a common problem - that of obtaining income from a variety of sources to support both educational and research programs. Erosion of funds There is no question but that the relative importance of endowment income in the private universities has been declining in the nation as a whole. This has sometimes been mistakenly referred to as the "erosion" of endowment funds. Actually, endowment funds have not eroded at all; they have, as a whole, risen rapidly both in book and in market value and they have also increased in their earning power-when properly invested - nearly as fast as prices have risen. Every private institution which has been on its toes has also secured substantial fractional increases in its endowment funds in recent years, and these increases are continuing. Yet, research and teaching costs have outrun endowment income, not only because the prices of specific products have been inflated, and not solely because salaries and wages have risen sharply, but because the equipment, materials, techniques and manpower for doing research and teaching have changed so greatly. Intricate and enormous machines and instruments, requiring large crews to build and operate them, were almost unknown before the war, even in industrial laboratories. Now they are com-monplace. Clearly, this radical change in research activities June 1959 has not been financed by endowment funds. The change has been possible only because government funds have been available in substantial amounts. Granted that some government funds have been misplaced and misused; granted that some have been used to support the kinds of things that universities should not be doing; it is still true that government funds have been the backbone of the growth of basic research in the universities in the postwar period. The chief trouble has been that government funds for basic research have not been available in large enough amounts, compared to the funds available for applied research or for testing and development. It is this fact that has forced many universities to take on development projects in order to have something going on that could be called research. A major problem of the future is to keep these funds for basic research growing at an adequate rate. Government control Increasing government support of research raises the question of whether or not the government will assume control of the universities if it provides funds for their research. The chief answer to this question is that it has not happened yet. The chief threat of control has come not from the government agencies who administer the funds, but from the panels and advisory committees (composed largely of profes-sors!) who pass upon projects and budgets before they are accepted. Many of these groups have steadfastly opposed proper overhead payments on research contracts, have opposed including allowances for the salaries of professors working on the projects, have opposed block or departmental grants, and have required of the prospective research worker such elaborate and detailed proposals and reports that a type of bureaucratic committee control has grown up which suppresses daring ideas and takes administrative control out of the hands of the universities themselves. All of these things are done with the most pious protestations, of course. "It isn't good for the universities to receive overhead reimbursement and thus become dependent on the government," they say. Or, "It is not good for the professor to have part of his salary paid by the supporter of his research." (Why not? Somebody has to give the university money to pay him.) Again, "Block grants are bad for they put too much power in the hands of the department heads." So a committee in Washington decides it is more competent to allocate the funds than the university officials! As a longtime faculty member myself, I can pray fervently that both I and my faculty may be delivered from dictatorship by government faculty committees. Give me a good smart administrator to deal with and I can dispense with faculty advisory committees, except when they deal with purely scientific affairs 9 and not with administrative or fiscal matters. Scien-tists, when they get into government, are their own worst enemies. When they have control over activities of their colleagues - through the administration of research grants - they become autocrats of the most difficult kind These are serious matters. The rapid rise in research activities has required the universities to expand their plants, their business offices, their maintenance facilities and their libraries. Research grants or contracts which have not borne their share of these costs have been parasites on other sources of funds. It is quite all right to talk about the desirability of the university "sharing the cost" of research with the sponsoring agency. But what with? Endowment funds, as we have said, have scarcely kept pace with rising costs of carrying on the same operations, to say nothing of adding new ones. Corporate executives, I find, get understandably glassy looks in their eyes when they are asked to give money to a university to cover indirect costs of research being sponsored by government agencies because these agencies cannot afford, or are not al-lowed, or simply refuse, to pay the full costs of the research which they take credit for supporting. Corporations and individuals alike have trouble understanding why they should be asked to underwrite those costs. So the universities don't ask them to. They ask for "unrestricted funds," or funds for "gen-eral support." But of course this is just a euphemistic way of requesting the same thing — money to pay the costs of research which others are pretending to support. Now I must say that corporations as a whole have been exceedingly generous in responding to this appeal for unrestricted funds, and this has saved many an institution, including my own, from going broke in recent years. Or rather, I should say, unrestricted corporate support has enabled us to abandon our prohibition against accepting funds from government agencies which do not pay full costs. We now can accept such funds in limited amounts and still remain solvent. Problems of government support The principal problems in connection with the government support of research are: 1. To increase the funds available for basic. re-search; 2. To persuade all government agencies to pay full costs of the research they support (including the prorated share of the faculty salaries); 3. To enlarge the degree to which block or departmental or general grants are made available for strengthening an area of science rather than only a particular project; and 4. To persuade the Bureau of the Budget and other fiscal and auditing agencies to modify radically the 10 cost-accounting practices which they now insist upon and which are inappropriate to educational institu- tions. (With some difficulty I restrain myself from a further discourse on this latter subject, which is even now a subject of strenuous and difficult negotiations between the universities and the govern-ment.) Private funds What, then, about the nongovernment sources of support for research in private universities? The problems here are many, but, though they are not easy, they are not impossible. Granted that the government will continue to support a substantial share of university research - especially the large and expensive projects - private funds still play a critical role. Individuals, corporations and foundations should continue and expand their contributions to endowment funds, operating funds and building funds. Private sources are free to follow the theory that the strength of the basic research program in this nation is primarily dependent on the strength of the institutions that carry on such research. Hence, the most important way to finance research is to finance the institutions - to provide what they need in order to acquire facilities, pay adequate faculty salaries, and maintain the plant in order to attract and support the best research people. Especially is it important to provide the long-term support essential to a real scholarly atmosphere in which new ideas are likely to thrive. New ideas must be born before. clever and startling research proposals can be submitted to the government. Private funds, wisely given, can enhance the intellectual ferment in our great centers of learning and thus create the environment in which new ideas will arise. I would not be honest if I did not point out that there are troubles in the administration of private funds for research also. The indirect costs of privately sponsored research are just as great as for government sponsorship. As I have already suggested, the universities have found it embarrassing to pass the hat elsewhere for these costs. So they have done two things: (1) sought more funds - given largely on an annual basis - for "unrestricted" purposes (i.e., to raise salaries and pay overhead); and (2) asked private sponsors of all projects to pay their prorated share of these costs. Private foundations have been understandably reluctant to do either of these two things. They wish to see their limited funds going for direct, recognizable costs of identifiable projects. Besides, they could treasurer was a bum but the biology professor was a whiz. They wanted no funds to be diverted from the professor. And obviously, too, their money would "not go as far" if a quarter to a third of it was allocated to indirect costs. "Better to supply 15 hungry Engineering and Science men with bread than only 10 with butter too." I do not pretend to offer any easy formulas for solving this problem. Many foundations and other private agencies have found ways — a variety of ways - to assist. I am only setting forth the problem and asking that we all face the fact that those great research institutions of this country, the private uni-versities, no longer have —if they ever did -"funds of their own" to disperse freely. All their funds are gifts (except, of course, tuition fees). Furthermore, a large share of these gifts now come on an annual basis and not in the form of permanent endowments. Professors on tenure, who resist having their salaries paid partly from project funds because they are on an annual basis, should become aware of the fact that other sources of funds are on an annual basis too and, whether we like it or not, that's the way things are these days. This does not mean the professors will not be as surely paid; it only means that every possible source of funds must be tapped. There are some who will bemoan the fact that the universities have allowed themselves to reach such a terrible state. And I admit that universities have been more concerned about national welfare than with their own financial security. The private universities could have pulled in their necks and refused to expand their research until endowment funds had been secured to underwrite it. Some, indeed, did so. But if all had done so and left it to the state universities to become the only research centers, the private university in this country would have been doomed to oblivion. And that would not have been good even for the state universities. Paying the bills But the private institutions as a whole met the challenge and took the risks. Fortunately, the largest sources of new funds did pay full costs, and these helped to carry the other projects which did not. Annual unrestricted gifts were sought and found also - and somehow the bills got mostly paid - that is, all were paid except the professors' salaries. They had to wait — partly because the professors themselves did not realize the new turn which university financial problems had taken. If we now raise our eyes from the specific research problems in a specific university to the broader problems of academic research in America, what difficulties do we see? There are many, of course - fiscal, administrative, jurisdictional, political. Some people worry about the "balance" of our research effort - that we will spend too much money on space and not enough on cancer, or vice versa. (Incidentally, I have frequently seen cases of general agreement on how much is "not enough"; I have never seen a generally accepted way of learning how much is "too much.") Great segments of science and technology now have June 1959 enormous popular appeal, and special purpose groups can whip up considerable enthusiasm for spending huge sums on this disease or that-or on nuclear power or oceanography or radio astronomy or other perfectly respectable areas, both basic and applied. Hence, so-called "categorical" funds grow and multiply - both in private and government circles. Of course, one can say that if there are only enough categories, with plenty of funds in each, then full freedom of choice is again available. But is it? I shall forever pity the physicist who is anxious to learn about the puzzling behavior of liquid helium II, wasting his time trying to decide whether this is solid state physics or nuclear physics, or maybe oceanography, and whether he should submit proposals to ONR or OOR or NSF. And how can he write a detailed proposal when he is just exploring, when he is just curious? Fortunately — in precisely this situation and others like it —the Sloan Foundation has indicated that it was interested in supporting inquiring minds, and would be glad to have such minds worry about any questions on earth they pleased. The final challenge Here is the great challenge to universities and to all who support them: Are we attracting the cream of the nation's inquiring minds to our campuses, and are we there giving them full encouragement and support in pursuing whatever lines of endeavor interest them — preferably with no questions asked? That is a difficult challenge, possibly an impossible one. But unless we have inquiring minds that are really free to inquire - even in fields outside the cognizance of any Washington or New York committee - then we can never reap the full benefits and satisfactions of free and unfettered scientific research. And now, as I bring this paper to a close, I realize that I have spent too much time on what seem like dirty administrative problems. I would have enjoyed it much more if I had been describing the magnifi- years have witnessed. From the center of the earth to et schorement he sterin " he senor to th outer space; from the nucleus of the atom to the nucleus of the cell; from the theory of solids to the evolution of the universe; from the structure of proteins to the geography of Antarctica; from cybernetics to astronautics, great new areas of science have seen astonishing advances. Thousands of young men and women have found fruitful and satisfying careers in scientific research and America's universities, private and public, have become national assets of prime importance — not only because they aid in the advance of welfare and security, but because they are the congenial homes of the inquiring minds, the great stimulators and supporters of that restless and adventurous thing, the human spirit. 11 Alumni News Alumni Seminar On June 27, Marineland of the Pacific, southern California's showplace of marine life, will be host to the Annual Alumni Family Picnic. Marineland is three-ring sea circus consisting of a Sea Arena, where visitors can see porpoise games and a sea lion show; the Whale Stadium, a 640,000-gallon tank housing only black pilot whales in captivity; and the biggest fishbowl on carth, a 540,000-gallon tank containing over 200 va- SIT BACK AND RELAX Let Calmec Manufacturing Company Worry About Your Metal Parts and Products We have the most modern facilities and most complete plant to give you the maximum of service, whether it is a small part, a large part, or a product from your ideas to the shipped article direct to your customers, under your name, from our plant. CALMEC MANUFACTURING CO. Robert A. McIntyre, M.S. '38 KImball 6204 5825 District Blvd. Los Angeles 22, Calif. 28 rieties of sea life. Picnickers will also see the Jeweled Aquaria, displaying rare and beautiful fish; the Octopus Grotto; the Flamingo Garden, with graceful flamingos and comic equatorial penguins; Tropical Tank, with hundreds of colorful fish from Hawaiian reefs; Harbor Sea Pool; African Lung Fish; and wall exhibits featuring a variety of strange underwater specimens swimming in individual tanks. Alumni, their family and friends will be admitted at reduced prices, by picking up tickets at the registration entrance. Ample free parking will be available. Those who bring their own lunches will enjoy eating on a spacious lawn which has been specially reserved for the Caltech group. Marineland, which is open from 10:30 a.m. until sunset, is located directly on the coast, midway between Redondo Beach and San Pedro on Palos Verdes Drive. See you there on June 27. -Stan Groner '52 Chairman, Picnic Committee ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OFFICERS PRESIDENT SECRETAI Edward P. Fleischer, '4 Sonald S. Clar VICE-PRESIDENT TREASURE Frank C. Bumb, '51 George B. Holmes, '3 Nick T. Ugrin, '34 ALUMNI CHAPTER OFFICERS NEW YORK CHAPTER President Dudley B. Smith, '45 Clupak, Inc., 530 Fifth Avenue Vice-Presiden Frank B. Jewett, Jr. '38 Titro Corporation of America, 261 Madison Avenu I. B. M.Corporation, 590 Madison Avenue Harry I. Moore, Ir. '48 reasur James C. Townsend, '54 oom 822, 445 East 69th Stre WASHINGTON, D.C. CHAPTER resider Frank H. Shelton, '49 irmed Forces Special Weapons Proje She Sage Maragy, Johne Hopkin" Chareal Richard G. King, '49 SAN FRANCISCO CHAPTER Fiasiderd Oil Co. of Calit, Chemical Division, Richmond Jules F. Mayer, '40 She Pois dempany, Martinez Norman Bulman, '52 James A. Ibers, '51 CHICAGO CHAPTER Popatment of Geology, Northwestern Unreaty, Eastles, '49 Evanston Fice-President Philip E. Smith, '39 Eastman Kodak Co., 1712 Prairie Avenue Secretary-Treasurer Thorne J. Butler, '51 Medical Center. Northwestern University SACRAMENTO CHAPTER Presiden Alfred Schaff, Jr., '41 Aerojet-General Corporation Vice-Presiden George Langsner, '31 ate Division of Highways, 1120 "N" Stree Paul I. Jurach, '46 Meetings: University Luncheon first Friday of each month SAN DIEGO CHAPTER Chairman 3040 Udal Street Secretadated Vuliee Aircral! Corp. ogram Chairm Yavy Electronics Laborato Maurice B. Ross, '24 Frank 1. Dore, '45 Herman S. Englander, '39 Engineering and Science Ray D. Owen, professor of biology, and two of the mice used in his experiments. The darker mouse is an untreated control; the other is lighter because a heavy dose of x-rays has killed the pigment-producing cells in its hair. This mouse survived the lethal dose of radiation because normal blood-forming cells were transplanted into it. by Ray D. Owen Facts for a Friendly Frankenstein When a car or bicycle or washing machine needs repairing you take it to a mechanic with the idea that if he finds a part that is worn out or broken, he will almost always be able to replace that part. Imagine how important it would be if it were also possible to replace parts of human beings that had worn out, or that had been destroyed by disease, or gone "wild" as in particular kinds of cancer. Within the next hundred years - perhaps rather early in that interval - it is very possible that a lively market will develop for good used parts for the human body. Of course, the kinds of substitutions of parts now possible are very limited. If a person needs a blood transfusion, it is a simple matter to transfuse the right kind of compatible blood into his veins. But unless his body is able to make the blood he needs, he will require another transfusion soon, and then another. The transfused blood doesn't settle down and make 16 more blood like itself. It is a "dead-end" tissue; it is used up and disappears. Somewhat similarly, if a person needs to grow bone in a particular place, it is possible to take part of another person's bone and put it in that area, and new bone will often grow there. But this can be done with bone that has been boiled, frozen, or dried. Dead bone works because it provides only the inert scaffolding onto which the host's cells grow, producing more bone of their own. In fact, there are very few kinds of tissues that can be transplanted successfully from one individual to another, to grow and function in their new home. The reason for this is that the animal body has a kind of machinery to recognize things that are foreign to it, and it responds by destroying these foreign things. This machinery protects us from disease; it aids our recovery from disease; it prevents, generally, Engineering and Science Research in tissue transplantation points the way to a used-parts market for the human body. A transcript of a talk given on Caltech's TV Series, "The Next Hundred Years." our being reinfected by the same kind of disease-pro-ducing organism once we have recovered from a particular disease. This is the machinery of immunity. It recognizes the foreign, invading germ and responds by destroying that germ. When we have a foreign tissue transplant from another individual, the body isn't capable of making a moral judgment as to whether the foreign material is going to be good or bad for it; responds by destroying it. It is possible to transplant living, growing, surviving tissue from one person to another -if they are identical twins. Identical twins are so much alike, having the same heredity, that their bodies do not recognize each other's tissues as foreign. But in the ordinary case, if a person has a burn and needs a skin transplant to cover it, the surgeon will take skin from somewhere on that person's own body, because only that skin will be accepted So the problem in developing a market for good used parts for the human body is: How can we evade or control the immunological reaction - the recogni tion and response to foreign material - when there is need for a tissue or organ transplant? We don't have the answer now. But we have some rather promising leads. One of the leads is, in part, derived from some observations made with my colleagues at the University of Wisconsin about 15 years ago. We were working on blood groups of dairy cattle and a very interesting and unusual case came to our attention. It happened that, on a farm in Maryland, a breeder of purebred Guernseys bred a Guernsey cow one morning to the Guernsey bull on the farm. By acci-dent, that same day the cow was bred again to the beef bull - a white-faced Hereford - on the same farm. At the end of the proper period, the cow gave birth to twin calves. They were a remarkable pair of twins because, while one was a female and looked as a Guernsey should, the other was a bull and had the dominant white-faced marking of the Hereford It seemed evident, just from looking at this pair, that they were twins with different fathers. But when June 1959 we tested their bloods, we found that their blood types were identical. This was hard to believe because they could not have been identical twins; they were of opposite sex, and they apparently had different fathers. Studying them a little further, we found out why their bloods gave the same reactions. There were two different kinds of blood cells there, just as there should have been for two different individuals. One kind of blood cells was marked with the characteristics we call R and L', inherited from the Hereford bull. The other kind was marked with the characteristics S and X, which came from the Guernsey. This second kind of red cells had G, inherited from the cow, while the first kind did not have G. The cow had therefore evidently produced two eggs, one with G and the other without G, and one of the eggs had been fertilized by a Hereford sperm (RL'), the other by a Guernsey sperm (SXz). Both of the twins had a mixture of both of these kinds of blood cells. Now, GSX. AL LiS GSX, These remarkable twin calves, one marked like a Hereford, one like a Guernsey, have identical blood types-even though they are of opposite sex, and apparently had different fathers. The mixture of blood cells resulted from the reciprocal transfusions of blood which twin cattle give each other continuously during much of their embryonic lives. 17 that shouldn't have been so surprising either, because it had been known for a long time that twin cattle usually have a common circulation; their blood vessels join, and they give each other reciprocal transtusions of blood continuously during much of their embryonic lives. So, we might even expect to find that two calves born as twins have mixed blood. But the surprising thing was that, when we tested these twins again six months later, and again at the end of the year, and again over several years, they stayed the way they had been at birth. In other words, it wasn't just a matter of blood transfusion, with the transfused blood disappearing. There had been a persistent transplantation of blood-forming tissue between these calves while they were embryos. And this is interesting because it means that when a transplanted tissue is introduced to an individual while he is still very young (in the embryo, in this case) his body is not able to recognize the tissue as foreign, and doesn't respond to it and destroy it. Instead, his body continues to accept this material as his own. A little while later some people in England showed that it was possible to make skin grafts between non-identical twin cattle. And more recently some Scandinavian workers performed successful kidney trans-plants. So bovine fraternal twins really lack the ability to recognize what is different in each other. Not long ago a similar case was found in a human being (below). A "Mrs. McK." came into a British blood bank to give a pint of blood. When the sample was typed, it was found that Mrs. McK. had unusual blood. Her blood behaved mainly as type A, but not all her cells had the A antigen. Quite a large proportion behaved as though they were O. And the O AN NOC Mrs. McK, a British blood donor, was found to have an unusual mixture of blood cells. Investigation revealed that she was born a twin, but her brother had died in infancy. Cells from the brother, that had been transplanted into Mrs. McK's body when the twins were embryos, still survived. 18 normal host #Tolerant host 12 days later injected with B. cells when newborn If we put on a mouse of strain A (left) some skin from another member of the same strain, this skin will grow and become accepted, while skin from another line of mice, B, proves incompatible. But if the A mouse had been injected when it was newborn with cells from strain B (right), a transplant of B skin would be completely accepted. cells lacked another antigen called Kell that was present on the A cells. Her blood was apparently a mixture. Mrs. McK. was asked (with the twin cattle in mind), "Are you by any chance a twin?" "Yes, " she replied, "I was a twin, but my twin brother died more than 20 years ago when he was a baby." It was possible to do a complete job of blood typing on the long-dead twin brother because descendants of his cells that had been transplanted into his twin sister still survived in her body, giving rise to blood cells in large numbers. Here again, a successful transplant had occurred because the recipient at the time was an embryo. Of course, Mrs. Mck. and her brother were fraternal twins; there is no implication that Mrs. McK. has two fathers. A few years ago a group of workers in England found a way of putting this kind of situation on a controlled, laboratory basis. These were the same workers that did the skin transplants in twin cattle, mentioned above, but in this work they used mice and chickens. Their procedure is shown above. we put on an albino mouse of strain A some skin from another member of the same highly inbred strain, this skin will grow and become fully accept-ed, just as we would expect when donor and recipient are identical. If we put on skin from another line of mice, B (a colored line this time) then the skin becomes established at first, but within a period of 10 or 12 days the recognition and response machinery has destroyed it and all that is left is a scab where the incompatible skin transplant was put. Now, suppose the A mouse had been injected when he was newborn with cells from strain B. Cells from a different individual come into the very young animal just as they did in the case of the twin cattle. When an animal that has been treated in this way grows up and is given a B transplant, the skin is com- Engineering and Science lethal X ray D lethal X ray A bone marrow cells B BLOOD CELLS DEAD If a mouse is given a sufficiently high dose of radiation it will die in a week or ten days. But if, after the x-ray, the mouse is injected with bone marrow cells from another mouse, then it lives. pletely accepted. The host is "tolerant," so we get a white mouse with a disk of luxuriant, colored hair growing on the tolerated skin transplant. Does this phenomenon suggest any recipe for human. practice? Lookig ahead in a rather starry-eyed way to the next hundred years, we could say, "Perhaps." It may even happen that when two babies are born, cells will be exchanged between them while they can still accept them, so that each of these babies grows up as a walking "tissue bank" for the other. However, this may well be a situation with dangers in it that we don't recognize, so we would hesitate to attempt such applications to human babies as yet. There may be special cases where these experiments could be justified. For instance, there are certain kinds of anemia where the person is genetically unable to produce the amount of blood that he needs because of an inherent defect in his blood-forming tissue. If, when this person is a baby, we inject normal blood-forming cells into him from another individual, it might well be that these would be accepted as a transplant to provide a source of normal cells to take the place of his own defective ones. Actually, the first steps in this research have already been accomplished with mice. Dr. Elizabeth Russell of the Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine, by making transplants, has succeeded in saving the lives of mice that are genetically severe anemics. When you look at the broader picture it is obvious that the treating of very young babies in this way is not a general solution to the problem we are dis-cussing. If you need a tissue transplant now because something is badly wrong in you, it doesn't help to say you could have been injected with some kind of cell when you were a baby. What we need to solve this problem is a way of suppressing and con- trolling the immune response in a normal adult. And it is with that in mind that a great deal of searching is going on now in laboratories all over the world. June 1959 Again, we have some leads. One of these is illustrated at the left and deals with very large amounts of x-ray irradiation, or with particular kinds of chemicals which mimic the effects of radiation on animals. If, for example, a mouse is given 900 or 950 roentgens of total body radiation (a very high dose) it will die in a week or 10 days. But if, after the x-ray, this mouse is injected with bone marrow cells from another mouse, then he lives. This has two points of significance for us. The first is that the life of the mouse has been saved by this kind of treatment. Looking toward a future in which we can expect increased use of high energy irradi-ation, and possible catastrophes from this, we would be very much interested in saving the lives of individuals who have been exposed by accident to these killing rays. The second point is that the x-rays have had the effect of permitting the individual to receive a tissue transplant that his body would ordinarily reject. The x-rays, or the chemicals that mimic the effects of x-rays, have inactivated the animal's ability to give an immune response; the recognition and response machinery has been destroyed. So he accepts the tissue transplant that will save his life. Some examples of animals in this kind of experiment are shown below. First (at the left) there is an ordinary mouse — the well-known mouse-colored mouse. Recently, at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the second mouse, of this same strain (at the right) was given a lethal dose of x-rays and then injected with bone marrow from a rat (in the center). The second mouse doesn't look really normal because, for one thing, the x-rays have killed the cells in his hair that produce pigment, so the hair is almost white. The x-rays have also had some other effects The mouse at the right is of the same strain as the one at the left. Though it looks far from normal, it is remarkable that this mouse is alive at all, for it has been given a lethal dose of x-rays, then an injection of bone marrow from a rat like the one shown in the center. 19 on the mouse which the injection of bone marrow has not corrected, but the main thing is that this mouse is alive and is reasonably well and happy. And within him are rat blood cells: Now, a rat is a very different kind of animal than a mouse — a different genus and species. It is remarkable that this mouse can live with all of his red blood cells derived trom an animal so foreign to him. This is only one part of the whole story. It is true that the control mouse died from radiation; the bone-marrow-injected one lived. But a lot depends on what has been injected into the irradiated mouse. If a mouse of type A is given a lethal irradiation and then is given A bone marrow (below), he lives almost a normal life for a long period of time. But if he is given a lethal dose of x-ray and then a foreign kind of bone marrow (from another kind of mouse or from a rat) then in time he begins to run into trouble. In fact, these mice begin to die off after 30 to 90 days. In 90 days after rat-marrow injection, only 3 out of 10 of these mice are alive. Some may live for a long time, but many of them die. They die from some kind of incompatibility reaction, and we are right back again to the problem of tissue transplantation. It is believed now by some that the host recovers from the effects of x-ray, becomes able to recognize and destroy foreign matter, and in the process, dies. Others believe that the injected marrow has the ability to recognize that the host is foreign and to react against the host and cause his death. And some people, like myself, believe that there is something of both of these directions of reaction in the delayed death phenomenon. But the important thing, I think, is that if we are considering extending this kind of treatment to hu- man beings, then we will have to control the delayed death reaction. It may be very useful to save the life of a man by injecting bone marrow from another lethal. X ray lethal X ray A BLOOD CELLS A A BLOOD A bone. marrow bone marrow 90 davs later 70% deed A 30% alive A BLOOD CELLS A B If a mouse of type A (left) is given a lethal irradiation, and then is given A bone marrow, it lives almost a normal life for a long period of time. But if it is given a lethal dose of x-ray and then (right) is given B bone marrow-from another tupe of mouse-its chances of survival are reduced. 20 human being. But we are not doing a very good job if the individual dies from the effects of the treatment after a few months. So, if we are to apply this kind of treatment to human beings, who are very diverse indeed, we have to solve the problem of the delayed incompatibility reaction - and this is a problem for the future. What are the prospects, then, in this field for the next hundred years? We now have blood banks for blood transfusions. We have some tissue banks for keeping tissues like bone, that don't have to live and grow in a new host. I think we can predict that in the relatively near future we will develop tissue banks for storing the kinds of tissue that need to live and grow in the foreign host. When we do, the vista that opens before us is overwhelming. Think, for example, of a diabetic — a person who lacks the ability to make insulin in the islet cells in his pancreas. The diabetic goes through his life being injected repeatedly with insulin from animals. How much better it might be if, instead of injecting the insulin, we could provide the diabetic with normal tissue, itself capable of making insulin in the diabeti's body under physiological conditions. Or take the matter of transplanting healthy blood-forming tissues into the anemic individual. Or suppose we could destroy the diseased cells in leukemia (where a particular kind of cell goes wild) and replace them with normal ones. Broader horizons There are many examples that might be cited. But the horizon is even broader than that. If in the course of our search we find ways of controlling the trans-plantation-immune reaction, the way might open to treatment of many of the more serious aspects of important diseases. Many diseases have bad side effects from the struggle that is going on between the host's immune machinery and the foreign invading germ. In many allergies, as well, the immune machinery goes wrong and causes bad reactions. If we find a way to control this kind of reaction, the diseases of hypersensitivity may come under control, and we can do humanity a great deal of good. Frankenstein created a monster. Mary Shelley, second wife of the poet Shelley, in the fantasy she published in 1818, had Frankenstein say, "The dissecting room and the slaughter house furnished many of my materials." Our aim, a used-parts market for the human body, is not to create a monster. Instead, we will serve desirable and practical aims - the needs of man. More than that, our effort will be to understand, and in this effort no one can predict what areas of human difficulty will yield to the understanding to be contributed by research in tissue transplantation in the next hundred years, or how far this research will help us to progress to ultimate comprehension of the essential mysteries of life. Engineering and Science 24 Personals ENGINEERS and SCIENTISTS at Convair-Astronautics pursue space projects at a most advanced state of the art, requiring the highest degree of professional skill. Keystone of these many programs is the mighty ATLAS ICBM In this young missile age, Atlas already lists many unique achieve-ments. A proven weapon, it is our only large, tested booster and the only known vehicle to steer itself into orbit. It will lift the first manned capsule into space, and most exploration programs of the future include Atlas in their planning. PROJECT CENTAUR .. design, construction and testing of a high energy, upper stage rocket. • is the newest Convair- Astronautics program released. Boosted by Atlas, Centaur will be able to place in orbit a satellite weighing several thousand pounds. Positions are available now in design (electrical, electronic, mechanical, structural), systems design & analysis, propulsion, test laboratories, field test, engineering writing, computer program- ming, research engineering, and other specialties. INTERVIEWS are regularly conducted throughout the U.S. by our engineering representatives. So that advance interview arrangements may be made, please send your resume at once to Mr. G. N. McMillan, Engineering Personnel Administrator, Dept. 130-90 CONVAIR ASTRONAUTICS Convair Division of GENERAL DYNAMICS 5549 Kearny Villa Road, San Diego, California 1925 Edgar E. Shafer, Jr., died of cancer on April 16, 1958. He had owned and operated his own chemical laboratory for petroleum products in Los Angeles. Ed was also an outstanding artist in both oil and water color and had exhibited for the past 20 years. He leaves his wife and four children-Margaret, David, Mrs. Jacqueline Loos, and Robert Eugene, a son by a previous marriage. Service Company in Iowa City. The Lockharts and their two children live in Garden City, L.I. 1934 Milton U. Clauser, MS '35, PhD '37, vice president and director of the Space Technology Laboratories in Los Angeles, is now serving on a research committee of the National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion. He is also a member of the Scientific Advisory Board for the 1930 United States Air Force. Thomas T. Hiyama, head of the engineering department of Nippon 1934 Columbia, Ltd., in Japan, made a Raymond W. Traynor, physics tour of U.S. electronic industries this and mathematics teacher at Burbank spring. During a quick visit to Cal- High School in Burbank, Calif., has tech, he explained that his company been awarded a Shell Merit Fellow- is one of Japan's leading producers of ship to attend Stanford University records, radios and television sets. this summer. He is one of 100 high school and science instructors in the 1932 U.S. and Canada selected to attend Harry H. Bruderlin writes that graduate-level seminars at Stanford "for several years I've been design-and Cornell Universities. His train- ing and building unusual houses in ing will include mathematics, chem- $50,000 to $150,000 class, in- istry, physics, educational techniques, cluding one for a former Caltech in-and application of science and math- mate-Millard Barton '32. 1 have a ematics in industry. number of patents, some of which are on the market. My hobbies are tennis, prospecting, and research on mental processes and physical basis of the mind. My wife and I have taken several trips to Mexico and toured some of the lesser known parts and have been doing Polynesian folk dances for fun and exercise. We still plan to go to the South Seas for a year or two someday. We have four children-two boys, 18 and 16, and two girls, 13 and 6." 1933 Col. Paul H. Kremmer, USAF (Ret.), MS, is executive advisor to the vice president of military relations at Ryan Aeronautical Company in San Diego. E. Ray Lockhart, MS '34, vice president of the Stone & Webster has been elected a director of the Webster since 1941. Ray is also vice president of the Sierra Pacific Pow= er Company in Reno, of the Savannah Electric and Power Company in Georgia, and of the Iowa Water 1936 Louis N. Ridenour, Jr., PhD, vice president of Lockheed Aircraft Cor-poration, was found dead in his Washington, D.C., hotel room on May 21. Death was apparently due to natural causes. Louis was the Air Force's first chief scientist and later served as chairman of the Scientific Advisory Board committee formed to survey Air Force research and development activity. His work led to the establishment of the Air Research and Development Command, an agency which now has a major share of responsibility for the nation's advanced weapons program. He was at one time a consultant to the Secretary of War, and nine years ago he was appointed professor of physics and dean of the University of Illinois graduate college. He has been at Lockheed Aircraft since April 1955. Louis leaves his wife Gretchen, and two daughters — Eleanor and Nancy - in Palo Alto. continued on page 26 Engineering and Science ENGINEERS PHYSICISTS • MATHEMATICIANS Douglas diversification affords broadened opportunities, combined with stability and se-curity. Engineering at Douglas is divided into three basic areas ...missile and space systems, transport aircraft and combat aircraft. In these military and commercial categories, each advancing beyond present frontiers of achievement, engineers and scientists can progress to the limit of their capabilities. In addition, supervisory and executive openings are filled from within the company. Many of the top executive officers at Douglas are engineers who have moved right up to assume wide responsibility. We are interested in engineers with backgrounds in other fields as well as avionics, aircraft and missiles. For further information write to Mr. C. C. LaVene, Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc., Santa Monica, California. Section B DOUGLAS the most respected name in aircraft, missile and space technology 26 Personals... continued 1940 A. M. Zarem, MS, PhD '44, president of Electro-Optical Systems, Inc., has been elected chairman of the American Rocket Society's 23-mem-ber technical committee on non-pro-pulsive power. The committee presented a report on auxiliary power at the semi-annual meeting of the Rocket Society in San Diego. George J. Todd, MS '41, has been appointed test supervisor on the Space Technology Laboratories' Minuteman Program at the Air Force Flight Test Center at Edwards Air Force Base in Lancaster, Calif. He will also continue as manager of STL'S Edwards Field Office. George has been with the company since 1956. The Todds have five children. 1941 Col. Charles H. Terhune, Jr., AE, is now vice commander of the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division in Los Angeles. He has had 21 years of military experience, and has been deputy commander for ballistic missiles at the L.A. base since June 1954 The Terhunes, who live in Santa Monica, have three children-Donna, Terry and Charles III. 1943 David E. Shonerd, MS, '48, AE '49, is now assistant program director for the Minuteman intercontinental ballistic missile program of the Space Technology Laboratories in Los Angeles. He has been on the senior staff there since July 1958. The Shonerds and their three children live in Rolling Hills. Abraham Fiul has been appointed associate manager of the systems design and analysis department of Space Technology: Laboratories. He has been with STL since last April and before that was manager of preliminary design at Radioplane, a division of the Northrop Corporation. Abe and his wife have two daugh-ters, live in Northridge. John E. Cushing, PhD, professor of bacteriology at the University of California in Santa Barbara, has been appointed chairman of the department of biological sciences there. He is now at the University of Tokyo on a Guggenheim Fellowship, serving as a visiting lecturer and conducting research on blood groups of fish, whales and seals. 1944 George M. Wood, BS '44, MS '44, is now assistant branch manager of the Glendale sales office of the International Business Machines Corpora-tion. He has been with IBM since 1955. 1947 Charoen Vadhanapanich, MS '48, writes that "after I received my PhD at the Florida State University in February 1958, I returned to my job at the Royal Thai Meteorological Department of the Thai Navy in Bang-kok, and have been promoted to full commander. I was one of the delegates from Thailand to attend the International Civil Aviation Organization in Rome from January 4 to February 3 this year." 1949 Carl Price will be leaving Harvard this fall to become associate professor of plant physiology at Rutgers Uni-versity. David Hogness, PhD '53, and A. Dale Kaiser, PhD '55, are joining the biochemistry department of the medical school at Stanford University this month. James C. Goodwyn, formerly chief of systems analysis in the engineering division of the Martin Company in Denver, is now on the staff of the advance research projects agency division of the Institute for Defense Analyses in Washington, D. C. Jim had been with Martin for nine years. Richard D. De Laver, AE, PhD '53, has been appointed director of the vehicle development laboratory of the research and development division of Space Technology Laboratories in Los Angeles. Dick is coauthor of Nuclear Rocket Propulsion, published last year by McGraw-Hill. Lt. Comdr. Herbert Poorman, AE, writes that "I've been at McDonnell Aircraft Corporation in St. Louis for almost three years. My primary effort is directed toward helping make the F101 and FYH weapons systems reliable and operationally maintainable. Flying a lot. The fishing in nearby lakes has provided fine family recreation throughout our tour here. The family is fine and growing fast (in size, not numbers)." Engineering and Science Professors Emeritus Beno Gutenberg, who retires this month as professor of geophysics, has been a member of the Caltech faculty since 1930. A native of Darmstadt, Germany, he was professor of geophysics at the University of Frankfurt before joining the Seismological Laboratory here. Dr. Gutenberg has played a major role in the investigation of size, location, occur-rence, and cause of earthquakes in the Pacific coastal region and throughout the world in general. Laszlo Zechmeister, professor of organic chemistry, retires this month after 19 years at Caltech. A native of Hungary, Dr. Zechmeister received a Diploma of Chemistry in 1911 and a Doctor of Engineering in 1913 from the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland. Before coming to Caltech in 1940, he was professor of chemistry and director of the chemical laboratory of the medical school at the University of Pécs in Hungary. Dr. Zechmeister is internationally known for his work in the field of chromatography. June 1959 15 The Month at Caltech Academic Procession, 1959 Commencement At Caltech's 65th annual commencement on June 12, a total of 498 students received degrees - 147 Bachelors of Science, 141 Masters of Science, 60 Doctors of Philosophy and 13 Engineers. Of the 49 men who graduated with honors, 7 received both academic honor and Student Body Honor Keys: Gerald J. Arenson, Walter S. Baer, Keith S. Brown, Jr., Charles R. Johnson, Robert V. Lange, David M. Milder and Anthony Leonard. Honor Keys were awarded to 14 seniors in all. The Frederick W. Hinrichs, Jr., Memorial Award for the most outstanding senior this year went to Keith S. Brown, Jr., who is shown at the right, receiving his award from President DuBridge. The commencement address, "Democracy In an Age of Science, was given by Sir Solly Zuckerman, professor of anatomy at the University of Birming-ham, England, and deputy chairman of the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy in Great Britain. 12 Engineering and Science Caltech and the Future At last year's commencement ceremonies President DuBridge announced that the Institute had raised $5,000,000 of the $16,100,000 goal set for the Caltech Development Program. At the 1959 commencement this month President DuBridge was able to report that the amount pledged or assured now totaled $16,516,000. Though this meant that the original goal had been met - and in a matter of 18 months, at that - costs and conditions. had changed so much in that same period that it would now take $19,350,000 to complete the program originally planned. To meet this new goal, then, the Institute must raise an additional $2,800,000 Last month the eighth of the Institute's 18 new buildings was assured by a gift from Dr. Seeley G. Mudd of Pasadena-a new central library on the campus. At Dr. Mudd's request the building will be named the Robert A. Millikan Memorial Library, in honor of the man who was one of the founders of the modern Caltech, and who served as its chief executive officer from 1921 until 1946. The earliest plans for the Caltech campus provided for a central library at the site which has been reserved for it for nearly 40 years, in the center of the western section of the campus. The new library will house the books and personnel that now occupy eight departmental libraries, though these libraries will still retain small working collections of widely-used ma-terials. At commencement this month President DuBridge announced gifts that would finance construction of six more buildings on campus: An undergraduate house to be called the Lloyd House in memory of Ralph B. and Lulu Hull Lloyd, the gift of the Lloyd Foundation. Mr. Lloyd was a former trustee of Caltech; his son-in-law, Richard Von Hagen, is now a trustee. June 1959 Albert B. Ruddock, chairman of Caltech's Board of Trustees; commencement speaker Sir Solly Zucker-man, and Caltech President L. A. DuBridge. The Carl F. Braun Graduate House, gift of the Carl F. Braun Trust Estate, named also for a former Caltech trustee, whose son John is now a trustee. continued on page 14 13 An architect's drawing of the Robert A. Millikan Memorial Library. The new central library, which will rise five stories above ground, is to house the books and personnel that now occupy eight departmental libraries. A second graduate house - not yet named - which is the joint gift of Samuel B. Mosher of Los Angeles, and trustee Earle Jorgensen. Two new laboratories of aeronautics and flight research - one a gift from an anonymous donor; the other, to be named the Theodore von Karman Laboratory (in honor of Caltech's distinguished protes-sor of aeronautics, emeritus), is the gift of the Aero-jet-General Corporation, a subsidiary of the General Tire and Rubber Company. Four buildings remain to be financed: two undergraduate houses, a graduate house, and the campus dining hall; and approximately $500,000 remains to be raised to complete the Faculty Salary Fund, to cover additional land purchases, and other building costs not included in specific donations. A NEW VIEW OF THROOP The campus takes on a new look as construction workers make a 34-foot excavation in front of Throop Hall. The big hole will house the 10,000,000-volt electrostatic generator for the new Sloan Laboratory of Mathematics and Physics. 14 Engineering and Science ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE June 1959 Caltech on TV ... page 3 Published at the California Institute of Technology "So then U.S. Steel invested $770 million in us" An American baby is born every eight seconds—11,000 every day—4,000,000 a year. Our population will soon be over 200 million. And as our population grows, our production must grow. We'll need millions of new homes... new schools and hospitals... new highways to carry 75 million motor vehicles by 1970 ... not to mention countless appliances and conveniences that haven't even been invented yet! No temporary setback can stop the growing needs of our population. That's why United States Steel has gone ahead with expenditures totaling $770 million to provide more and better steels for tomorrow's citizens. This is the practical way that we've demonstrated our faith in the future. UsS United States Steel Electronic Communications Electronic Defense Electronic Guidance Electronic Navigation wherever there's electronics... there's Transitron Electronic Computers Electronic Auto-Pilots Manufacturers of TRANSISTORS • DIODES • RECTIFIERS • REGULATORS • VOLTAGE REFERENCES 000 Transitron T electronic corporation • wakefield, massachusetts SALES OFFICES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES THROUGHOUT THE U. S. A. • CABLE ADDRESS: TRELCO LINES OF COMMUNICATION... ... can be reinforced by specialized preparation of communication aids. Technical Communications, Inc., with its staff of graduate engineering writing specialists, can assist in assuring effective interpretation of complex engineering concepts. PUBLICATIONS VISUAL AIDS MOTION PICTURES Complete preparation of engineering publications, proposals, manuals; slides; animated and live action films; and other types of media. Company brochure, price schedule, and 12-minute color-sound demonstration film available on request. 2 TECHNICAL COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 130 South La Brea Avenue, Los Angeles 36, Webster 8-2878 Leon Vickman '53, President Engineering and Science ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE JUNE 1959 VOLUME XXII NUMBER 9 Books Problems of Financing Research at a Private University 7 by L. A. DuBridge The Month at Caltech 12 On Our Cover Ray D. Owen, Caltech professor of biology, faces the NBC television cameras as he discusses "Facts for a Friendly Frankenstein." His talk (see page 16) was the second on Caltech's TV series, The Next Hundred Years, which was shown in Los Angeles on KRCA-Channel 4 from November, 1958 through May, 1959. Dr. Owen, who has been at Caltech for 13 years, is the son of a Wisconsin farmer and gravitated naturally toward courses in agriculture in school. One of his high school teachers, how-ever, introduced him to biology and genetics, the field in which he has since gained international recognition. From high school he went on to Carroll College in Waukesha, Wisconsin, working part of his way through as a Fuller Brush man. After receiving his PhD at the University of Wisconsin, he stayed on there as assistant professor of genetics and zoology for three years. At Caltech, Dr. Owen teaches and conducts research in immunology - the subject of his article on page 16. Atomic Age Answers Now that Caltech has got its feet wet in TV, it is taking on a radio program as well. "Atomic Age Answers," featuring research at Caltech, starts on June 19 over KFI, Los Angeles, and will be on every Friday night from 8:30 to 9 p.m. for 13 weeks. Picture Credits: 12, 13, 15, - Graphic Arts 16 - Graphic Arts, Harvey June 1959 Professors Emeritus 15 Two distinguished Caltech faculty members retire this month. Facts for a Friendly Frankenstein 16 gearch ip tis me ret for the hu pant he way by Ray D. Owen Personals 24 Alumni News 28 STAFF Publisher.. Editor and Business Manager Editorial Assistant.. Student News... Richard C. Armstrong '28 Edward Hutchings, Jr. -Gerda Chambers ....Brad Efron '60 Martin Carnoy '60 October through June, at the California Institute of Technology, class matter at the Post Office at Pasadena, California, on September 6, 1939 1879. All Publisher's Rights Reserved. Reproduction of material contained herein forbidden without written authorization. Manuscripts and all other editorial correspondence should be addressed to: The Editor, Engineering and Science, California Institute of Technology, © 1959 Alumni Association, California Institute of Technology. 3 ... . MARS outstanding design SERIES Books automated bridge The bridge of tomorrow will be self-activating, equipped with electric-eye controls and an anti-freeze sys-tem. No overhead structures will obstruct the view, or interfere with radio reception, according to Robert J. Companik of Chicago. In his design, the bridge is operated by pumps that draw water from the canal into the hollow structure and hold it shut by the weight of the water. To allow boats to pass, pressure is released, counterweights pull the sections together, and the bridge opens. An electric eye down the canal activates the opening and the bridge does not close until an eye on the other side is passed. Heating units keep both eyes free from snow and ice, and a brine system keeps the bridge in operation in freezing weather. Many ingenious solutions to traffic and other problems are on the boards today. To make their ingenuity clear, and to translate them from idea into reality, requires the best of drafting tools. In pencils, of course, that means Mars, long the standard of professionals. Some outstanding new products have recently been added to the famous line of Mars-Technico push-button holders and leads, Lumograph pencils, and Tradition-Aquarell painting pencils. These include the Mars Pocket-Technico for field use: the effi cient Mars lead sharpener and "Draftsman" pencil sharpener with the adjustable point-length feature; Mars Lu-mochrom, the color-drafting pencils and leads that make color-coding possible; the new Mars Non-Print pencils and leads that "drop out" your notes and sketches when drawings are reproduced. The 2886 Mars-Lumograph drawing pencil, 19 de-grees, EXEXB to 9H. The 1001 Mars-Technico push-button lead holder. 1904 Mars-Lumograph imported leads, 18 degrees, EXB to 9H. Mars-Lumochrom color-drafting pencil, 24 colors. 9880 江 J.S. S TAETLER, INC. MARS HACKENSACK, NEW JERSEY: at all good engineering and drawing material suppliers Nuclear Magnetic Resonance by John D. Roberts McGraw-Hill $6.00 Reviewed by Harden M. McConnell In this book John D. Roberts, professor of organic chemistry at Caltech, is primarily concerned with applications of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to problems of modern organic chemistry. Chapter I is a concise but remarkably clear qualitative introduction to the magnetic resonance phenomenon. Each of the following four chapters deals in turn with the principal characteristic phenomena of the high resolution spectra of molecules in liquids: Chapter II deals with nuclear shield-ing, Chapter III with indirect nuclear spin-spin coupling, Chapter IV with the effects of molecular kinetic phenomena on resonance spectra, and Chapter V is concerned with nuclear quadrupole relaxation and double resonance experiments. The exposition of each of these subjects is accomplished largely by means of illustrative spectra, many of which are taken from Professor Roberts' own research work. For organic chemists As an introduction to the structural applications of nuclear magnetic resonance this is an excellent book for organic chemists, particularly since so many illustrations are given in terms of structures and concepts that the organic chemist is familiar with. A physical chemist may perhaps feel just a little frustrated in reading the book, however. This is largely because so many of the subjects that are discussed here could have been treated quantitatively with relatively simple mathematies and physical principles. All in all, however, the interests of the general reader and the organic chemist are doubtless best served by Professor Roberts' qualitative but lucid introduction to the subject. Harden M. McConnell, associate professor of physical chemistry, received his PhD from Caltech in 1951. Engineering and Science Sometimes forgotten during the thundering ascent of a spaçe probe rocket are months of meticulous analysis, engineering and planning. The staff of Space Technology Laboratories is now engaged in a broad program of space research for the Air Force, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Advanced Research Projects Agency under the direction of the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division. For space probe projects STL provides the total concept approach, including preliminary analysis, sub-system development, design, fabrication, testing, launch operations and data evaluation. The total task requires subtle original analysis in many fields as well as sound technical management. The STL technical staff brings to this space research the talents which have provided system engineering and technical direction since 1954 to the Air Force Ballistic Missile Program. Major missile systems currently in this program are Atlas, Titan, Thor and Minuteman. The scope of STL's responsibilities offers creative engineers, physicists and mathematicians unusual opportunities to see their ideas tested in working hardware. Inquiries are invited regarding staff openings in the areas of Advanced Systems Analysis, Rocket Propulsion, Space Flight Mechanics, Dynamics, Structural Analysis, and Aerodynamics. FROM LAGRANGIAN TO LIFT-OFF Space Technology Laboratories, Inc. P. O. Box 95004, Los Angeles 45, California Sir James Jeans... on the quest for knowledge "Yet we may reflect that physics and philosophy are at most a few thousand years old, but probably have lives of thousands of millions of years stretching away in front of them. They are only just beginning to get under way, and we are still, in Newton's words, like children playing with pebbles on the sea-shore, while the great ocean of truth rolls, unexplored, beyond our reach. It can hardly be a matter for surprise that our race has not succeeded in solving any large part of its most difficult problems in the first millionth part of its existence. Perhaps life would be a duller affair if it had, for to many it is not knowledge but the quest for knowledge that gives the greater interest to thought - to travel hopefully is better than to arrive." -Physics and Philosophy, 1942 THE RAND CORPORATION, SANTA MONICA, CALIFORNIA A nonprofit organization engaged in research on problems related to national security and the public interest 6 Engineering and Science Volume XXII ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE June 1959 "How pure can a research program be, and still command public support? How practical can it be allowed to become without losing the essential spirit of true scholarship?" Problems of Financing Research at a Private University by L. A. DuBridge I wish to introduce this subject by talking about research problems at one private institution - namely, Caltech. I know that these problems will be found in other institutions - both private and public. And I know also that quite different problems may be faced by still other institutions - both private and public. Caltech is a small private institution with a highly selected student body, restricted to about 700 undergraduate and 500 graduate students. When it was reorganized into its present form in 1920, it became devoted to the proposition that research and teaching should be inseparable activities in a school of science and engineering. Hence small teaching loads, adequate funds for research, and a small student body selected for its creative and research potential have always been the ideals — and these ideals have, to a substantial extent, been achieved. A second pair of ideals was also adopted; namely, that all research activities should be of a basic nature aimed at the extension of knowledge - but, at the same time, the Institute would choose its fields of interest in such a way as to be of maximum service to the community and to the nation. Thus, at the same time that cosmic-ray research was begun in 1921, there was also initiated a program of research on the problems of high-voltage transmission of electric power. Structural organic chemistry and aeronautical engineering came along next. Later, genetics and jet propulsion - and so on. In this respect Caltech and many other institutions face a serious choice. How "pure" can the research program be, as a whole, and still command community and public support? How practical can it be allowed to become without losing the essential spirit of true scholarship, the search for new knowledge? There is, of course, no unique answer to this dilem- June 1959 This article has been adapted from a talk given by President DuBridge at the Symposium on Basic Research held at the Rockefeller Institute in New York City on May 14. The symposium was sponsored by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and the National Academy of Sciences. The entire symposium record will shortly be published in book form by the AAAS. 7 ma. Yet every institution must find some answer which is both consistent with its own ideals and consonant with its circumstances and responsibilities. Our aim at Caltech has been to lean over backward in the direction of basic or pure research, and I shall try to explain how we seek to maintain this posture under today's conditions. First, we find that a small student body is a prime asset. If our teaching load were allowed to outrun our research capacity, we would then have a large teaching staff inadequately provided with research facilities or funds. The pressure would be great to accept any kind of research task for which funds were made available, just to keep the faculty busy. This, you will admit, could lead to unhappy results. The problem of selection But even under the best circumstances the selection of research activities and research fields remains a critical problem. The momentary glamor of a well fi- resisted in favor of the long-term benefits of more basic research activities. To assist in reviewing this situation our faculty and trustees invented the device of a faculty committee on sponsored research. Before an actual proposal for research support can be forwarded to any outside agency - private or government — it must be reviewed by this committee to be sure that it conforms to our ideas of what constitutes basic research. Inasmuch as this committee, with a rotating membership, has been in existence for many years (since 1946) its policies have been well established and are well known to the faculty. It does not often have to veto a project any more. But it has done so and can do so at any time. This does not mean that there have been no "prac-tical" projects. There have been many - even in the basic science fields. For example, a few years ago one of our biochemists, Professor Haagen-Smit, who had had one too many sniffs of the famous Los Angeles smog, went into his laboratory to see if he could artificially create that characteristic odor. With one eye on the Los Angeles motor traffic and the other on Calitornia sunshine, he was soon able to show that gasoline vapor plus ultraviolet light did produce a typical smog cloud, and he had soon elucidated the basic ideas of the chemistry of that particular type of air pollution. However, it is in the engineering departments that the most difficult questions arise as to what is fundamental research and what is practical development which could be more appropriately done in commercial laboratories. Engineering is applied science, and engineering research must have some relevance to the practical needs of men. Yet, even here it is normally possible to distinguish the projects which are aimed toward a basic extension of engineering knowledge and toward new contributions to engineering practice, 8 from those which are aimed solely at the perfection of particular devices or techniques. Our computer laboratory does not aim principally at the improvement of computer circuitry, but rather at basically new ways of using the computer as an instrument to solve scientific, engineering and technical problems, and as a tool to aid in the development of applied mathematics. The aeronautics laboratory does not design airplanes; it learns about the properties of air flow. One useful criterion which helps many decisions in this field is that to be acceptable in any area a research program must be one which is consistent with and contributes to the educational program. This means it must be one in which graduate students can participate. This means, among other things, it must not be "classified," either for reasons of trade secrecy or military security. Also, it must not be one which provides exclusive patent rights to the sponsor. As far as the on-campus program is concerned, these rules are now rigidly followed. Does that mean we have no way of being of service in the field of national defense or industrial develop-ment? Not necessarily. When we have found it necessary or desirable - since the close of World War II - to undertake classified activities, they have been done in off-campus installations where restricted access does not inconvenience the teaching program or interrupt the free access to all parts of the campus. We operate two such off-campus installations now: the government-owned Jet Propulsion Laboratory (now the principal laboratory of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for space flight re-search) and the Cooperative Wind Tunnel (owned cooperatively by a group of aircraft companies). In both cases Caltech initiated the work of these laboratories during the war and has continued them ever since under a nonprofit management contract. A number of years ago a temporary project was carried on in leased space about two miles from the campus. Thus we are enabled to preserve the condition of free access to all parts of the campus by faculty and students, which we regard as a precious asset not to be relinquished except in times of extreme emergency. The problem of finance How, then, is our basic research program financed? Here again it must be emphasized that in our case the size of the faculty is determined by the total funds that are available rather than by the number of students to be taken care of. Nevertheless, our able research staff does have an insatiable appetite for more research funds and for contmually expanding research programs. Hence, the problems of financing the rapidly rising costs of research and the rapidly growing program are severe indeed. It may be of interest to list our sources of support. Engineering and Science In listing them I shall list support for both teaching and research, for I do not know how to determine at Caltech how many pennies of each dollar go to teaching and how many to research. This is not because our bookkeeping department is inefficient, but only because we purposely mix the two activities so thoroughly that separate budgeting is impossible even in principle. Out of a total campus budget of 9 million dollars (in 1957-58), endowment income provided 32 per-cent; gifts and grants from nongovernment sources provided 20 percent; government grants and contracts (including overhead) provided 35 percent; and tuition and other sources provided 13 percent. During the past 10 years the total budget has doubled. The percentage (but not total volume) of government funds has declined (from 41 to 35 percent), that of private gifts has risen (from 13.5 to 20 per-cent), and the others have remained nearly constant. We hope and expect that these various sources of support will retain the present relative positions in the future - that is, in round numbers: endowment, 30 percent; gifts, 30 percent; government contracts, 30 percent; tuition, 10 percent. Whether this is just the right ratio or not, no one can say. But one can say that maintaining all of these sources of support is of very great importance to any private institution. It is, of course, just here that all private institutions have a common problem - that of obtaining income from a variety of sources to support both educational and research programs. Erosion of funds There is no question but that the relative importance of endowment income in the private universities has been declining in the nation as a whole. This has sometimes been mistakenly referred to as the "erosion" of endowment funds. Actually, endowment funds have not eroded at all; they have, as a whole, risen rapidly both in book and in market value and they have also increased in their earning power-when properly invested - nearly as fast as prices have risen. Every private institution which has been on its toes has also secured substantial fractional increases in its endowment funds in recent years, and these increases are continuing. Yet, research and teaching costs have outrun endowment income, not only because the prices of specific products have been inflated, and not solely because salaries and wages have risen sharply, but because the equipment, materials, techniques and manpower for doing research and teaching have changed so greatly. Intricate and enormous machines and instruments, requiring large crews to build and operate them, were almost unknown before the war, even in industrial laboratories. Now they are com-monplace. Clearly, this radical change in research activities June 1959 has not been financed by endowment funds. The change has been possible only because government funds have been available in substantial amounts. Granted that some government funds have been misplaced and misused; granted that some have been used to support the kinds of things that universities should not be doing; it is still true that government funds have been the backbone of the growth of basic research in the universities in the postwar period. The chief trouble has been that government funds for basic research have not been available in large enough amounts, compared to the funds available for applied research or for testing and development. It is this fact that has forced many universities to take on development projects in order to have something going on that could be called research. A major problem of the future is to keep these funds for basic research growing at an adequate rate. Government control Increasing government support of research raises the question of whether or not the government will assume control of the universities if it provides funds for their research. The chief answer to this question is that it has not happened yet. The chief threat of control has come not from the government agencies who administer the funds, but from the panels and advisory committees (composed largely of profes-sors!) who pass upon projects and budgets before they are accepted. Many of these groups have steadfastly opposed proper overhead payments on research contracts, have opposed including allowances for the salaries of professors working on the projects, have opposed block or departmental grants, and have required of the prospective research worker such elaborate and detailed proposals and reports that a type of bureaucratic committee control has grown up which suppresses daring ideas and takes administrative control out of the hands of the universities themselves. All of these things are done with the most pious protestations, of course. "It isn't good for the universities to receive overhead reimbursement and thus become dependent on the government," they say. Or, "It is not good for the professor to have part of his salary paid by the supporter of his research." (Why not? Somebody has to give the university money to pay him.) Again, "Block grants are bad for they put too much power in the hands of the department heads." So a committee in Washington decides it is more competent to allocate the funds than the university officials! As a longtime faculty member myself, I can pray fervently that both I and my faculty may be delivered from dictatorship by government faculty committees. Give me a good smart administrator to deal with and I can dispense with faculty advisory committees, except when they deal with purely scientific affairs 9 and not with administrative or fiscal matters. Scien-tists, when they get into government, are their own worst enemies. When they have control over activities of their colleagues - through the administration of research grants - they become autocrats of the most difficult kind These are serious matters. The rapid rise in research activities has required the universities to expand their plants, their business offices, their maintenance facilities and their libraries. Research grants or contracts which have not borne their share of these costs have been parasites on other sources of funds. It is quite all right to talk about the desirability of the university "sharing the cost" of research with the sponsoring agency. But what with? Endowment funds, as we have said, have scarcely kept pace with rising costs of carrying on the same operations, to say nothing of adding new ones. Corporate executives, I find, get understandably glassy looks in their eyes when they are asked to give money to a university to cover indirect costs of research being sponsored by government agencies because these agencies cannot afford, or are not al-lowed, or simply refuse, to pay the full costs of the research which they take credit for supporting. Corporations and individuals alike have trouble understanding why they should be asked to underwrite those costs. So the universities don't ask them to. They ask for "unrestricted funds," or funds for "gen-eral support." But of course this is just a euphemistic way of requesting the same thing — money to pay the costs of research which others are pretending to support. Now I must say that corporations as a whole have been exceedingly generous in responding to this appeal for unrestricted funds, and this has saved many an institution, including my own, from going broke in recent years. Or rather, I should say, unrestricted corporate support has enabled us to abandon our prohibition against accepting funds from government agencies which do not pay full costs. We now can accept such funds in limited amounts and still remain solvent. Problems of government support The principal problems in connection with the government support of research are: 1. To increase the funds available for basic. re-search; 2. To persuade all government agencies to pay full costs of the research they support (including the prorated share of the faculty salaries); 3. To enlarge the degree to which block or departmental or general grants are made available for strengthening an area of science rather than only a particular project; and 4. To persuade the Bureau of the Budget and other fiscal and auditing agencies to modify radically the 10 cost-accounting practices which they now insist upon and which are inappropriate to educational institu- tions. (With some difficulty I restrain myself from a further discourse on this latter subject, which is even now a subject of strenuous and difficult negotiations between the universities and the govern-ment.) Private funds What, then, about the nongovernment sources of support for research in private universities? The problems here are many, but, though they are not easy, they are not impossible. Granted that the government will continue to support a substantial share of university research - especially the large and expensive projects - private funds still play a critical role. Individuals, corporations and foundations should continue and expand their contributions to endowment funds, operating funds and building funds. Private sources are free to follow the theory that the strength of the basic research program in this nation is primarily dependent on the strength of the institutions that carry on such research. Hence, the most important way to finance research is to finance the institutions - to provide what they need in order to acquire facilities, pay adequate faculty salaries, and maintain the plant in order to attract and support the best research people. Especially is it important to provide the long-term support essential to a real scholarly atmosphere in which new ideas are likely to thrive. New ideas must be born before. clever and startling research proposals can be submitted to the government. Private funds, wisely given, can enhance the intellectual ferment in our great centers of learning and thus create the environment in which new ideas will arise. I would not be honest if I did not point out that there are troubles in the administration of private funds for research also. The indirect costs of privately sponsored research are just as great as for government sponsorship. As I have already suggested, the universities have found it embarrassing to pass the hat elsewhere for these costs. So they have done two things: (1) sought more funds - given largely on an annual basis - for "unrestricted" purposes (i.e., to raise salaries and pay overhead); and (2) asked private sponsors of all projects to pay their prorated share of these costs. Private foundations have been understandably reluctant to do either of these two things. They wish to see their limited funds going for direct, recognizable costs of identifiable projects. Besides, they could treasurer was a bum but the biology professor was a whiz. They wanted no funds to be diverted from the professor. And obviously, too, their money would "not go as far" if a quarter to a third of it was allocated to indirect costs. "Better to supply 15 hungry Engineering and Science men with bread than only 10 with butter too." I do not pretend to offer any easy formulas for solving this problem. Many foundations and other private agencies have found ways — a variety of ways - to assist. I am only setting forth the problem and asking that we all face the fact that those great research institutions of this country, the private uni-versities, no longer have —if they ever did -"funds of their own" to disperse freely. All their funds are gifts (except, of course, tuition fees). Furthermore, a large share of these gifts now come on an annual basis and not in the form of permanent endowments. Professors on tenure, who resist having their salaries paid partly from project funds because they are on an annual basis, should become aware of the fact that other sources of funds are on an annual basis too and, whether we like it or not, that's the way things are these days. This does not mean the professors will not be as surely paid; it only means that every possible source of funds must be tapped. There are some who will bemoan the fact that the universities have allowed themselves to reach such a terrible state. And I admit that universities have been more concerned about national welfare than with their own financial security. The private universities could have pulled in their necks and refused to expand their research until endowment funds had been secured to underwrite it. Some, indeed, did so. But if all had done so and left it to the state universities to become the only research centers, the private university in this country would have been doomed to oblivion. And that would not have been good even for the state universities. Paying the bills But the private institutions as a whole met the challenge and took the risks. Fortunately, the largest sources of new funds did pay full costs, and these helped to carry the other projects which did not. Annual unrestricted gifts were sought and found also - and somehow the bills got mostly paid - that is, all were paid except the professors' salaries. They had to wait — partly because the professors themselves did not realize the new turn which university financial problems had taken. If we now raise our eyes from the specific research problems in a specific university to the broader problems of academic research in America, what difficulties do we see? There are many, of course - fiscal, administrative, jurisdictional, political. Some people worry about the "balance" of our research effort - that we will spend too much money on space and not enough on cancer, or vice versa. (Incidentally, I have frequently seen cases of general agreement on how much is "not enough"; I have never seen a generally accepted way of learning how much is "too much.") Great segments of science and technology now have June 1959 enormous popular appeal, and special purpose groups can whip up considerable enthusiasm for spending huge sums on this disease or that-or on nuclear power or oceanography or radio astronomy or other perfectly respectable areas, both basic and applied. Hence, so-called "categorical" funds grow and multiply - both in private and government circles. Of course, one can say that if there are only enough categories, with plenty of funds in each, then full freedom of choice is again available. But is it? I shall forever pity the physicist who is anxious to learn about the puzzling behavior of liquid helium II, wasting his time trying to decide whether this is solid state physics or nuclear physics, or maybe oceanography, and whether he should submit proposals to ONR or OOR or NSF. And how can he write a detailed proposal when he is just exploring, when he is just curious? Fortunately — in precisely this situation and others like it —the Sloan Foundation has indicated that it was interested in supporting inquiring minds, and would be glad to have such minds worry about any questions on earth they pleased. The final challenge Here is the great challenge to universities and to all who support them: Are we attracting the cream of the nation's inquiring minds to our campuses, and are we there giving them full encouragement and support in pursuing whatever lines of endeavor interest them — preferably with no questions asked? That is a difficult challenge, possibly an impossible one. But unless we have inquiring minds that are really free to inquire - even in fields outside the cognizance of any Washington or New York committee - then we can never reap the full benefits and satisfactions of free and unfettered scientific research. And now, as I bring this paper to a close, I realize that I have spent too much time on what seem like dirty administrative problems. I would have enjoyed it much more if I had been describing the magnifi- years have witnessed. From the center of the earth to et schorement he sterin " he senor to th outer space; from the nucleus of the atom to the nucleus of the cell; from the theory of solids to the evolution of the universe; from the structure of proteins to the geography of Antarctica; from cybernetics to astronautics, great new areas of science have seen astonishing advances. Thousands of young men and women have found fruitful and satisfying careers in scientific research and America's universities, private and public, have become national assets of prime importance — not only because they aid in the advance of welfare and security, but because they are the congenial homes of the inquiring minds, the great stimulators and supporters of that restless and adventurous thing, the human spirit. 11 The Month at Caltech Academic Procession, 1959 Commencement At Caltech's 65th annual commencement on June 12, a total of 498 students received degrees - 147 Bachelors of Science, 141 Masters of Science, 60 Doctors of Philosophy and 13 Engineers. Of the 49 men who graduated with honors, 7 received both academic honor and Student Body Honor Keys: Gerald J. Arenson, Walter S. Baer, Keith S. Brown, Jr., Charles R. Johnson, Robert V. Lange, David M. Milder and Anthony Leonard. Honor Keys were awarded to 14 seniors in all. The Frederick W. Hinrichs, Jr., Memorial Award for the most outstanding senior this year went to Keith S. Brown, Jr., who is shown at the right, receiving his award from President DuBridge. The commencement address, "Democracy In an Age of Science, was given by Sir Solly Zuckerman, professor of anatomy at the University of Birming-ham, England, and deputy chairman of the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy in Great Britain. 12 Engineering and Science Caltech and the Future At last year's commencement ceremonies President DuBridge announced that the Institute had raised $5,000,000 of the $16,100,000 goal set for the Caltech Development Program. At the 1959 commencement this month President DuBridge was able to report that the amount pledged or assured now totaled $16,516,000. Though this meant that the original goal had been met - and in a matter of 18 months, at that - costs and conditions. had changed so much in that same period that it would now take $19,350,000 to complete the program originally planned. To meet this new goal, then, the Institute must raise an additional $2,800,000 Last month the eighth of the Institute's 18 new buildings was assured by a gift from Dr. Seeley G. Mudd of Pasadena-a new central library on the campus. At Dr. Mudd's request the building will be named the Robert A. Millikan Memorial Library, in honor of the man who was one of the founders of the modern Caltech, and who served as its chief executive officer from 1921 until 1946. The earliest plans for the Caltech campus provided for a central library at the site which has been reserved for it for nearly 40 years, in the center of the western section of the campus. The new library will house the books and personnel that now occupy eight departmental libraries, though these libraries will still retain small working collections of widely-used ma-terials. At commencement this month President DuBridge announced gifts that would finance construction of six more buildings on campus: An undergraduate house to be called the Lloyd House in memory of Ralph B. and Lulu Hull Lloyd, the gift of the Lloyd Foundation. Mr. Lloyd was a former trustee of Caltech; his son-in-law, Richard Von Hagen, is now a trustee. June 1959 Albert B. Ruddock, chairman of Caltech's Board of Trustees; commencement speaker Sir Solly Zucker-man, and Caltech President L. A. DuBridge. The Carl F. Braun Graduate House, gift of the Carl F. Braun Trust Estate, named also for a former Caltech trustee, whose son John is now a trustee. continued on page 14 13 An architect's drawing of the Robert A. Millikan Memorial Library. The new central library, which will rise five stories above ground, is to house the books and personnel that now occupy eight departmental libraries. A second graduate house - not yet named - which is the joint gift of Samuel B. Mosher of Los Angeles, and trustee Earle Jorgensen. Two new laboratories of aeronautics and flight research - one a gift from an anonymous donor; the other, to be named the Theodore von Karman Laboratory (in honor of Caltech's distinguished protes-sor of aeronautics, emeritus), is the gift of the Aero-jet-General Corporation, a subsidiary of the General Tire and Rubber Company. Four buildings remain to be financed: two undergraduate houses, a graduate house, and the campus dining hall; and approximately $500,000 remains to be raised to complete the Faculty Salary Fund, to cover additional land purchases, and other building costs not included in specific donations. A NEW VIEW OF THROOP The campus takes on a new look as construction workers make a 34-foot excavation in front of Throop Hall. The big hole will house the 10,000,000-volt electrostatic generator for the new Sloan Laboratory of Mathematics and Physics. 14 Engineering and Science Professors Emeritus Beno Gutenberg, who retires this month as professor of geophysics, has been a member of the Caltech faculty since 1930. A native of Darmstadt, Germany, he was professor of geophysics at the University of Frankfurt before joining the Seismological Laboratory here. Dr. Gutenberg has played a major role in the investigation of size, location, occur-rence, and cause of earthquakes in the Pacific coastal region and throughout the world in general. Laszlo Zechmeister, professor of organic chemistry, retires this month after 19 years at Caltech. A native of Hungary, Dr. Zechmeister received a Diploma of Chemistry in 1911 and a Doctor of Engineering in 1913 from the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland. Before coming to Caltech in 1940, he was professor of chemistry and director of the chemical laboratory of the medical school at the University of Pécs in Hungary. Dr. Zechmeister is internationally known for his work in the field of chromatography. June 1959 15 Ray D. Owen, professor of biology, and two of the mice used in his experiments. The darker mouse is an untreated control; the other is lighter because a heavy dose of x-rays has killed the pigment-producing cells in its hair. This mouse survived the lethal dose of radiation because normal blood-forming cells were transplanted into it. by Ray D. Owen Facts for a Friendly Frankenstein When a car or bicycle or washing machine needs repairing you take it to a mechanic with the idea that if he finds a part that is worn out or broken, he will almost always be able to replace that part. Imagine how important it would be if it were also possible to replace parts of human beings that had worn out, or that had been destroyed by disease, or gone "wild" as in particular kinds of cancer. Within the next hundred years - perhaps rather early in that interval - it is very possible that a lively market will develop for good used parts for the human body. Of course, the kinds of substitutions of parts now possible are very limited. If a person needs a blood transfusion, it is a simple matter to transfuse the right kind of compatible blood into his veins. But unless his body is able to make the blood he needs, he will require another transfusion soon, and then another. The transfused blood doesn't settle down and make 16 more blood like itself. It is a "dead-end" tissue; it is used up and disappears. Somewhat similarly, if a person needs to grow bone in a particular place, it is possible to take part of another person's bone and put it in that area, and new bone will often grow there. But this can be done with bone that has been boiled, frozen, or dried. Dead bone works because it provides only the inert scaffolding onto which the host's cells grow, producing more bone of their own. In fact, there are very few kinds of tissues that can be transplanted successfully from one individual to another, to grow and function in their new home. The reason for this is that the animal body has a kind of machinery to recognize things that are foreign to it, and it responds by destroying these foreign things. This machinery protects us from disease; it aids our recovery from disease; it prevents, generally, Engineering and Science Research in tissue transplantation points the way to a used-parts market for the human body. A transcript of a talk given on Caltech's TV Series, "The Next Hundred Years." our being reinfected by the same kind of disease-pro-ducing organism once we have recovered from a particular disease. This is the machinery of immunity. It recognizes the foreign, invading germ and responds by destroying that germ. When we have a foreign tissue transplant from another individual, the body isn't capable of making a moral judgment as to whether the foreign material is going to be good or bad for it; responds by destroying it. It is possible to transplant living, growing, surviving tissue from one person to another -if they are identical twins. Identical twins are so much alike, having the same heredity, that their bodies do not recognize each other's tissues as foreign. But in the ordinary case, if a person has a burn and needs a skin transplant to cover it, the surgeon will take skin from somewhere on that person's own body, because only that skin will be accepted So the problem in developing a market for good used parts for the human body is: How can we evade or control the immunological reaction - the recogni tion and response to foreign material - when there is need for a tissue or organ transplant? We don't have the answer now. But we have some rather promising leads. One of the leads is, in part, derived from some observations made with my colleagues at the University of Wisconsin about 15 years ago. We were working on blood groups of dairy cattle and a very interesting and unusual case came to our attention. It happened that, on a farm in Maryland, a breeder of purebred Guernseys bred a Guernsey cow one morning to the Guernsey bull on the farm. By acci-dent, that same day the cow was bred again to the beef bull - a white-faced Hereford - on the same farm. At the end of the proper period, the cow gave birth to twin calves. They were a remarkable pair of twins because, while one was a female and looked as a Guernsey should, the other was a bull and had the dominant white-faced marking of the Hereford It seemed evident, just from looking at this pair, that they were twins with different fathers. But when June 1959 we tested their bloods, we found that their blood types were identical. This was hard to believe because they could not have been identical twins; they were of opposite sex, and they apparently had different fathers. Studying them a little further, we found out why their bloods gave the same reactions. There were two different kinds of blood cells there, just as there should have been for two different individuals. One kind of blood cells was marked with the characteristics we call R and L', inherited from the Hereford bull. The other kind was marked with the characteristics S and X, which came from the Guernsey. This second kind of red cells had G, inherited from the cow, while the first kind did not have G. The cow had therefore evidently produced two eggs, one with G and the other without G, and one of the eggs had been fertilized by a Hereford sperm (RL'), the other by a Guernsey sperm (SXz). Both of the twins had a mixture of both of these kinds of blood cells. Now, GSX. AL LiS GSX, These remarkable twin calves, one marked like a Hereford, one like a Guernsey, have identical blood types-even though they are of opposite sex, and apparently had different fathers. The mixture of blood cells resulted from the reciprocal transfusions of blood which twin cattle give each other continuously during much of their embryonic lives. 17 that shouldn't have been so surprising either, because it had been known for a long time that twin cattle usually have a common circulation; their blood vessels join, and they give each other reciprocal transtusions of blood continuously during much of their embryonic lives. So, we might even expect to find that two calves born as twins have mixed blood. But the surprising thing was that, when we tested these twins again six months later, and again at the end of the year, and again over several years, they stayed the way they had been at birth. In other words, it wasn't just a matter of blood transfusion, with the transfused blood disappearing. There had been a persistent transplantation of blood-forming tissue between these calves while they were embryos. And this is interesting because it means that when a transplanted tissue is introduced to an individual while he is still very young (in the embryo, in this case) his body is not able to recognize the tissue as foreign, and doesn't respond to it and destroy it. Instead, his body continues to accept this material as his own. A little while later some people in England showed that it was possible to make skin grafts between non-identical twin cattle. And more recently some Scandinavian workers performed successful kidney trans-plants. So bovine fraternal twins really lack the ability to recognize what is different in each other. Not long ago a similar case was found in a human being (below). A "Mrs. McK." came into a British blood bank to give a pint of blood. When the sample was typed, it was found that Mrs. McK. had unusual blood. Her blood behaved mainly as type A, but not all her cells had the A antigen. Quite a large proportion behaved as though they were O. And the O AN NOC Mrs. McK, a British blood donor, was found to have an unusual mixture of blood cells. Investigation revealed that she was born a twin, but her brother had died in infancy. Cells from the brother, that had been transplanted into Mrs. McK's body when the twins were embryos, still survived. 18 normal host #Tolerant host 12 days later injected with B. cells when newborn If we put on a mouse of strain A (left) some skin from another member of the same strain, this skin will grow and become accepted, while skin from another line of mice, B, proves incompatible. But if the A mouse had been injected when it was newborn with cells from strain B (right), a transplant of B skin would be completely accepted. cells lacked another antigen called Kell that was present on the A cells. Her blood was apparently a mixture. Mrs. McK. was asked (with the twin cattle in mind), "Are you by any chance a twin?" "Yes, " she replied, "I was a twin, but my twin brother died more than 20 years ago when he was a baby." It was possible to do a complete job of blood typing on the long-dead twin brother because descendants of his cells that had been transplanted into his twin sister still survived in her body, giving rise to blood cells in large numbers. Here again, a successful transplant had occurred because the recipient at the time was an embryo. Of course, Mrs. Mck. and her brother were fraternal twins; there is no implication that Mrs. McK. has two fathers. A few years ago a group of workers in England found a way of putting this kind of situation on a controlled, laboratory basis. These were the same workers that did the skin transplants in twin cattle, mentioned above, but in this work they used mice and chickens. Their procedure is shown above. we put on an albino mouse of strain A some skin from another member of the same highly inbred strain, this skin will grow and become fully accept-ed, just as we would expect when donor and recipient are identical. If we put on skin from another line of mice, B (a colored line this time) then the skin becomes established at first, but within a period of 10 or 12 days the recognition and response machinery has destroyed it and all that is left is a scab where the incompatible skin transplant was put. Now, suppose the A mouse had been injected when he was newborn with cells from strain B. Cells from a different individual come into the very young animal just as they did in the case of the twin cattle. When an animal that has been treated in this way grows up and is given a B transplant, the skin is com- Engineering and Science lethal X ray D lethal X ray A bone marrow cells B BLOOD CELLS DEAD If a mouse is given a sufficiently high dose of radiation it will die in a week or ten days. But if, after the x-ray, the mouse is injected with bone marrow cells from another mouse, then it lives. pletely accepted. The host is "tolerant," so we get a white mouse with a disk of luxuriant, colored hair growing on the tolerated skin transplant. Does this phenomenon suggest any recipe for human. practice? Lookig ahead in a rather starry-eyed way to the next hundred years, we could say, "Perhaps." It may even happen that when two babies are born, cells will be exchanged between them while they can still accept them, so that each of these babies grows up as a walking "tissue bank" for the other. However, this may well be a situation with dangers in it that we don't recognize, so we would hesitate to attempt such applications to human babies as yet. There may be special cases where these experiments could be justified. For instance, there are certain kinds of anemia where the person is genetically unable to produce the amount of blood that he needs because of an inherent defect in his blood-forming tissue. If, when this person is a baby, we inject normal blood-forming cells into him from another individual, it might well be that these would be accepted as a transplant to provide a source of normal cells to take the place of his own defective ones. Actually, the first steps in this research have already been accomplished with mice. Dr. Elizabeth Russell of the Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine, by making transplants, has succeeded in saving the lives of mice that are genetically severe anemics. When you look at the broader picture it is obvious that the treating of very young babies in this way is not a general solution to the problem we are dis-cussing. If you need a tissue transplant now because something is badly wrong in you, it doesn't help to say you could have been injected with some kind of cell when you were a baby. What we need to solve this problem is a way of suppressing and con- trolling the immune response in a normal adult. And it is with that in mind that a great deal of searching is going on now in laboratories all over the world. June 1959 Again, we have some leads. One of these is illustrated at the left and deals with very large amounts of x-ray irradiation, or with particular kinds of chemicals which mimic the effects of radiation on animals. If, for example, a mouse is given 900 or 950 roentgens of total body radiation (a very high dose) it will die in a week or 10 days. But if, after the x-ray, this mouse is injected with bone marrow cells from another mouse, then he lives. This has two points of significance for us. The first is that the life of the mouse has been saved by this kind of treatment. Looking toward a future in which we can expect increased use of high energy irradi-ation, and possible catastrophes from this, we would be very much interested in saving the lives of individuals who have been exposed by accident to these killing rays. The second point is that the x-rays have had the effect of permitting the individual to receive a tissue transplant that his body would ordinarily reject. The x-rays, or the chemicals that mimic the effects of x-rays, have inactivated the animal's ability to give an immune response; the recognition and response machinery has been destroyed. So he accepts the tissue transplant that will save his life. Some examples of animals in this kind of experiment are shown below. First (at the left) there is an ordinary mouse — the well-known mouse-colored mouse. Recently, at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the second mouse, of this same strain (at the right) was given a lethal dose of x-rays and then injected with bone marrow from a rat (in the center). The second mouse doesn't look really normal because, for one thing, the x-rays have killed the cells in his hair that produce pigment, so the hair is almost white. The x-rays have also had some other effects The mouse at the right is of the same strain as the one at the left. Though it looks far from normal, it is remarkable that this mouse is alive at all, for it has been given a lethal dose of x-rays, then an injection of bone marrow from a rat like the one shown in the center. 19 on the mouse which the injection of bone marrow has not corrected, but the main thing is that this mouse is alive and is reasonably well and happy. And within him are rat blood cells: Now, a rat is a very different kind of animal than a mouse — a different genus and species. It is remarkable that this mouse can live with all of his red blood cells derived trom an animal so foreign to him. This is only one part of the whole story. It is true that the control mouse died from radiation; the bone-marrow-injected one lived. But a lot depends on what has been injected into the irradiated mouse. If a mouse of type A is given a lethal irradiation and then is given A bone marrow (below), he lives almost a normal life for a long period of time. But if he is given a lethal dose of x-ray and then a foreign kind of bone marrow (from another kind of mouse or from a rat) then in time he begins to run into trouble. In fact, these mice begin to die off after 30 to 90 days. In 90 days after rat-marrow injection, only 3 out of 10 of these mice are alive. Some may live for a long time, but many of them die. They die from some kind of incompatibility reaction, and we are right back again to the problem of tissue transplantation. It is believed now by some that the host recovers from the effects of x-ray, becomes able to recognize and destroy foreign matter, and in the process, dies. Others believe that the injected marrow has the ability to recognize that the host is foreign and to react against the host and cause his death. And some people, like myself, believe that there is something of both of these directions of reaction in the delayed death phenomenon. But the important thing, I think, is that if we are considering extending this kind of treatment to hu- man beings, then we will have to control the delayed death reaction. It may be very useful to save the life of a man by injecting bone marrow from another lethal. X ray lethal X ray A BLOOD CELLS A A BLOOD A bone. marrow bone marrow 90 davs later 70% deed A 30% alive A BLOOD CELLS A B If a mouse of type A (left) is given a lethal irradiation, and then is given A bone marrow, it lives almost a normal life for a long period of time. But if it is given a lethal dose of x-ray and then (right) is given B bone marrow-from another tupe of mouse-its chances of survival are reduced. 20 human being. But we are not doing a very good job if the individual dies from the effects of the treatment after a few months. So, if we are to apply this kind of treatment to human beings, who are very diverse indeed, we have to solve the problem of the delayed incompatibility reaction - and this is a problem for the future. What are the prospects, then, in this field for the next hundred years? We now have blood banks for blood transfusions. We have some tissue banks for keeping tissues like bone, that don't have to live and grow in a new host. I think we can predict that in the relatively near future we will develop tissue banks for storing the kinds of tissue that need to live and grow in the foreign host. When we do, the vista that opens before us is overwhelming. Think, for example, of a diabetic — a person who lacks the ability to make insulin in the islet cells in his pancreas. The diabetic goes through his life being injected repeatedly with insulin from animals. How much better it might be if, instead of injecting the insulin, we could provide the diabetic with normal tissue, itself capable of making insulin in the diabeti's body under physiological conditions. Or take the matter of transplanting healthy blood-forming tissues into the anemic individual. Or suppose we could destroy the diseased cells in leukemia (where a particular kind of cell goes wild) and replace them with normal ones. Broader horizons There are many examples that might be cited. But the horizon is even broader than that. If in the course of our search we find ways of controlling the trans-plantation-immune reaction, the way might open to treatment of many of the more serious aspects of important diseases. Many diseases have bad side effects from the struggle that is going on between the host's immune machinery and the foreign invading germ. In many allergies, as well, the immune machinery goes wrong and causes bad reactions. If we find a way to control this kind of reaction, the diseases of hypersensitivity may come under control, and we can do humanity a great deal of good. Frankenstein created a monster. Mary Shelley, second wife of the poet Shelley, in the fantasy she published in 1818, had Frankenstein say, "The dissecting room and the slaughter house furnished many of my materials." Our aim, a used-parts market for the human body, is not to create a monster. Instead, we will serve desirable and practical aims - the needs of man. More than that, our effort will be to understand, and in this effort no one can predict what areas of human difficulty will yield to the understanding to be contributed by research in tissue transplantation in the next hundred years, or how far this research will help us to progress to ultimate comprehension of the essential mysteries of life. Engineering and Science New "post-grad" program helps engineers move ahead at Western Electric MANHATTAN'S COLISEUM TOWER building houses Western Electric's New York training center. Here, as in Chicago and Winston- Salem, N.C., Western Electric engineers participate in a training program that closely resembles a university graduate school. Careers get off to a fast start-and keep on growing-at Western Electric. One big help is our new Graduate Engineering Training Program. This unique full-time, off-the-job study program starts soon after you join Western Electric. ... continues throughout your career. Students are offered courses in various fields including semiconductors, computers, feedback control and problem solving techniques. What's more, they study methods for improving skills in communicating technical information and the art of getting ideas across. You'll find the work at Western Electric stimulating, too. As manufacturing and supply unit of the Bell System, we pioneered in the production of the transistor, repeatered submarine cable, and the provision of microwave telephone and television facilities spanning the country. Engineering skills can't help developing-careers can't help prospering — in the lively, exciting technical climate at Western Electric. Electric technical fields include mechanical, chemical, civil and industrial engineering, plus the physical sciences. For more information pick up a copy of "Consider a Career at from your Placement Officer. Or write College Relations, Room 200D, Western Electric Company, 195 Broadway, New York 7, N. Y. And sign up for a Western Electric interview when the Bell System Interviewing Team visits your campus. CLASSROOM SESSION at one of the centers takes up the first part of the three-phase program, Introduction to Western Electric Engineering. During this initial nine-week training period, new engineers are provided with a better understanding of Western Electric engineering methods and technical practices. Western Electric TECHNICAL TALK often continues after class. The free and easy informality of the new Western Electric training program offers plenty of opportunity for the stimulating exchange of ideas. MANUFACTURING AND SUPPLY UNIT OF THE BELL SYSTEM Western Electric Graduate Engineering Training Centers located at Chicago, Winston-Salem, N. C., and New York. Principal manufacturing locations at Chicago, IIl.; Kearny, N. J.; Baltimore, Md.; Indianapolis, Ind.; Allentown and Laureldale, Pa.; Burlington, Greensboro and Winston-Salem, N. G.; Buffalo, N. Y.; North Andover, Mass.; Lincoln and Omaha, Neb.; Kansas City, Mo.; Columbus, Ohio; Oklahoma City, Okla.; Teletype Corporation, Chicago, Ill. and Little Rock, Ark. Also Western Electric Distribution Centers in 32 cities and installation headquarters in 16 cities. General headquarters: 195 Broadway, New York 7, New York. June 1959 21 STRAIGHT TALK TO ENGINEERS from Donald W. Douglas, Jr. President, Douglas Aircraft Company The "Space Age" isn't going to become a fact by itself. We engineers have to make it happen. Here's what Douglas is doing about it: We've formed a top level engineering council to bring all our knowledge and experience to bear on the new problems relating to extreme high speeds and altitudes and to outer space. This council is composed of the heads of our six major engineering divisions and is chairmanned 22 by our senior engineering vice president. It will map out the most important goals in aviation and mobilize the scientific and engineering resources required to achieve them. If you would like to become a part of our stimulating future, we'll welcome hearing from you. Write to Mr. C. C. La Vene Douglas Aircraft Company, Box 600-E Santa Monica, California. Engineering and Science CREATIVE ENGINEERS AiResearch engineered and produced this electro-hydraulic servo system-the most reliable and responsive steering control system for missiles yet produced. Extremely lightweight, it consists of three control valves and six actuators. This unique system represents but a part of the challenging, important work under way at AiResearch in missile, electronic, nuclear, aircraft and industrial fields. Specific opportunities exist in system electronics and servo control units; computers and flight instru-ments; missile auxiliary power units; gas turbine engines and turbine and air motors; cryogenic and nuclear systems; pneumatic valves; industrial turbochargers; air conditioning and pressurization; and heat trans-fer, including electronic cooling and nuclear applications. Intensified engineering is conducted by small groups where individual effort and accomplishment are quickly recognized, providing oppor- nent assignment to help determine your placement from a variety of analytical or development projects Advanced education is available through company financial assistance at outstanding nearby universities. THE GARRETT CORPORATION •for full information write to Mr. G. D. Bradley 935T 5. SEPULVEDA BLVD., LOS ANGELES 45, CALIFORNIA DIVISIONS: AIRESEARCH MANUFACTURING, LOS ANGELES • AIRESEARCH MANUFACTURING, PHOENIX • AIRSUPPLY AIRESEARCH INDUSTRIAL • AERO ENGINEERING • AIR CRUISERS • AIRESEARCH AVIATION SERVICE June 1959 23 24 Personals ENGINEERS and SCIENTISTS at Convair-Astronautics pursue space projects at a most advanced state of the art, requiring the highest degree of professional skill. Keystone of these many programs is the mighty ATLAS ICBM In this young missile age, Atlas already lists many unique achieve-ments. A proven weapon, it is our only large, tested booster and the only known vehicle to steer itself into orbit. It will lift the first manned capsule into space, and most exploration programs of the future include Atlas in their planning. PROJECT CENTAUR .. design, construction and testing of a high energy, upper stage rocket. • is the newest Convair- Astronautics program released. Boosted by Atlas, Centaur will be able to place in orbit a satellite weighing several thousand pounds. Positions are available now in design (electrical, electronic, mechanical, structural), systems design & analysis, propulsion, test laboratories, field test, engineering writing, computer program- ming, research engineering, and other specialties. INTERVIEWS are regularly conducted throughout the U.S. by our engineering representatives. So that advance interview arrangements may be made, please send your resume at once to Mr. G. N. McMillan, Engineering Personnel Administrator, Dept. 130-90 CONVAIR ASTRONAUTICS Convair Division of GENERAL DYNAMICS 5549 Kearny Villa Road, San Diego, California 1925 Edgar E. Shafer, Jr., died of cancer on April 16, 1958. He had owned and operated his own chemical laboratory for petroleum products in Los Angeles. Ed was also an outstanding artist in both oil and water color and had exhibited for the past 20 years. He leaves his wife and four children-Margaret, David, Mrs. Jacqueline Loos, and Robert Eugene, a son by a previous marriage. Service Company in Iowa City. The Lockharts and their two children live in Garden City, L.I. 1934 Milton U. Clauser, MS '35, PhD '37, vice president and director of the Space Technology Laboratories in Los Angeles, is now serving on a research committee of the National Aeronautics and Space Administra-tion. He is also a member of the Scientific Advisory Board for the 1930 United States Air Force. Thomas T. Hiyama, head of the engineering department of Nippon 1934 Columbia, Ltd., in Japan, made a Raymond W. Traynor, physics tour of U.S. electronic industries this and mathematics teacher at Burbank spring. During a quick visit to Cal- High School in Burbank, Calif., has tech, he explained that his company been awarded a Shell Merit Fellow- is one of Japan's leading producers of ship to attend Stanford University records, radios and television sets. this summer. He is one of 100 high school and science instructors in the 1932 U.S. and Canada selected to attend Harry H. Bruderlin writes that graduate-level seminars at Stanford "for several years I've been design-and Cornell Universities. His train- ing and building unusual houses in ing will include mathematics, chem- $50,000 to $150,000 class, in- istry, physics, educational techniques, cluding one for a former Caltech in-and application of science and math- mate-Millard Barton '32. 1 have a ematics in industry. number of patents, some of which are on the market. My hobbies are tennis, prospecting, and research on mental processes and physical basis of the mind. My wife and I have taken several trips to Mexico and toured some of the lesser known parts and have been doing Polynesian folk dances for fun and exercise. We still plan to go to the South Seas for a year or two someday. We have four children-two boys, 18 and 16, and two girls, 13 and 6." 1933 Col. Paul H. Kremmer, USAF (Ret.), MS, is executive advisor to the vice president of military relations at Ryan Aeronautical Company in San Diego. E. Ray Lockhart, MS '34, vice president of the Stone & Webster has been elected a director of the Webster since 1941. Ray is also vice president of the Sierra Pacific Pow= er Company in Reno, of the Savannah Electric and Power Company in Georgia, and of the Iowa Water 1936 Louis N. Ridenour, Jr., PhD, vice president of Lockheed Aircraft Cor-poration, was found dead in his Washington, D.C., hotel room on May 21. Death was apparently due to natural causes. Louis was the Air Force's first chief scientist and later served as chairman of the Scientific Advisory Board committee formed to survey Air Force research and development activity. His work led to the establishment of the Air Research and Development Command, an agency which now has a major share of responsibility for the nation's advanced weapons program. He was at one time a consultant to the Secretary of War, and nine years ago he was appointed professor of physics and dean of the University of Illinois graduate college. He has been at Lockheed Aircraft since April 1955. Louis leaves his wife Gretchen, and two daughters — Eleanor and Nancy - in Palo Alto. continued on page 26 Engineering and Science EXCITING RESEARCH CAREERS Individual resourcefulness is encouraged in this modern research and development laboratory. Here is an opportunity to enter one of today's most challenging scientific fields and grow with the times. Typical of the truly advanced work now underway at EOS are projects on: ENERGY SOURCES AND CONVERTERS PROPULSIVE THRUST FROM ION PLASMAS ULTRAHIGH-SPEED PHOTOGRAPHY SOLID STATE CIRCUIT ELEMENTS OPTICAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES E S ELECTRO-OPTICAL SYSTEMS, INC. 170 N. Daisy Avenue, Pasadena, California Send your resumé to Dr. A. M. Zarem, President June 1959 25 ENGINEERS PHYSICISTS • MATHEMATICIANS Douglas diversification affords broadened opportunities, combined with stability and se-curity. Engineering at Douglas is divided into three basic areas ...missile and space systems, transport aircraft and combat aircraft. In these military and commercial categories, each advancing beyond present frontiers of achievement, engineers and scientists can progress to the limit of their capabilities. In addition, supervisory and executive openings are filled from within the company. Many of the top executive officers at Douglas are engineers who have moved right up to assume wide responsibility. We are interested in engineers with backgrounds in other fields as well as avionics, aircraft and missiles. For further information write to Mr. C. C. LaVene, Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc., Santa Monica, California. Section B DOUGLAS the most respected name in aircraft, missile and space technology 26 Personals... continued 1940 A. M. Zarem, MS, PhD '44, president of Electro-Optical Systems, Inc., has been elected chairman of the American Rocket Society's 23-mem-ber technical committee on non-pro-pulsive power. The committee presented a report on auxiliary power at the semi-annual meeting of the Rocket Society in San Diego. George J. Todd, MS '41, has been appointed test supervisor on the Space Technology Laboratories' Minuteman Program at the Air Force Flight Test Center at Edwards Air Force Base in Lancaster, Calif. He will also continue as manager of STL'S Edwards Field Office. George has been with the company since 1956. The Todds have five children. 1941 Col. Charles H. Terhune, Jr., AE, is now vice commander of the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division in Los Angeles. He has had 21 years of military experience, and has been deputy commander for ballistic missiles at the L.A. base since June 1954 The Terhunes, who live in Santa Monica, have three children-Donna, Terry and Charles III. 1943 David E. Shonerd, MS, '48, AE '49, is now assistant program director for the Minuteman intercontinental ballistic missile program of the Space Technology Laboratories in Los Angeles. He has been on the senior staff there since July 1958. The Shonerds and their three children live in Rolling Hills. Abraham Fiul has been appointed associate manager of the systems design and analysis department of Space Technology: Laboratories. He has been with STL since last April and before that was manager of preliminary design at Radioplane, a division of the Northrop Corporation. Abe and his wife have two daugh-ters, live in Northridge. John E. Cushing, PhD, professor of bacteriology at the University of California in Santa Barbara, has been appointed chairman of the department of biological sciences there. He is now at the University of Tokyo on a Guggenheim Fellowship, serving as a visiting lecturer and conducting research on blood groups of fish, whales and seals. 1944 George M. Wood, BS '44, MS '44, is now assistant branch manager of the Glendale sales office of the International Business Machines Corpora-tion. He has been with IBM since 1955. 1947 Charoen Vadhanapanich, MS '48, writes that "after I received my PhD at the Florida State University in February 1958, I returned to my job at the Royal Thai Meteorological Department of the Thai Navy in Bang-kok, and have been promoted to full commander. I was one of the delegates from Thailand to attend the International Civil Aviation Organization in Rome from January 4 to February 3 this year." 1949 Carl Price will be leaving Harvard this fall to become associate professor of plant physiology at Rutgers Uni-versity. David Hogness, PhD '53, and A. Dale Kaiser, PhD '55, are joining the biochemistry department of the medical school at Stanford University this month. James C. Goodwyn, formerly chief of systems analysis in the engineering division of the Martin Company in Denver, is now on the staff of the advance research projects agency division of the Institute for Defense Analyses in Washington, D. C. Jim had been with Martin for nine years. Richard D. De Laver, AE, PhD '53, has been appointed director of the vehicle development laboratory of the research and development division of Space Technology Laboratories in Los Angeles. Dick is coauthor of Nuclear Rocket Propulsion, published last year by McGraw-Hill. Lt. Comdr. Herbert Poorman, AE, writes that "I've been at McDonnell Aircraft Corporation in St. Louis for almost three years. My primary effort is directed toward helping make the F101 and FYH weapons systems reliable and operationally maintainable. Flying a lot. The fishing in nearby lakes has provided fine family recreation throughout our tour here. The family is fine and growing fast (in size, not numbers)." Engineering and Science CRESCENT ARMORED CABLE ANNEALED COPPER CONDUCTOR VC COLORED TAPES JUTE FILLERS SYNTHOL TAPE IMPERVIOUS SHEATH INTERLOCKING ARMOR Three Conductor Varnished Cambric Insulated - 5000 Volts This construction of Power Cable provides speed and economy of installation indoors as well as outdoors as it can be attached to building surfaces or run in trays or racks, or hung from steel supporting cables between buildings. CRESCENT INSULATED WIRE & CABLE CO. TRENTON, NEW JERSEY OVER 75 YEARS EXPERIENCE for perfect school lighting use SMOOT-HOLMAN PERFECT VISION LUMINAIRES Do You Read? Then you know VROMAN'S ... for nowhere else are you more likely to find the book you want, be it best-seller or classic, Thurber or technical tome — or even crime, from Macbeth to Agatha Christie. And you know, too, that Vroman's is a convenient place to shop for all manner of desk supplies (and a desk to put them in), elegant stationery, artists' materials and the very choicest of gifts. Learn of the outstanding results that can be obtained with Smoot-Holman's new school lighting fixtures-Reduce costs up to one third-Increase lighting efficiency-Eliminate objectionable glare. Send for free booklet "What You Should Know About School Lighting" and special school lighting catalog. ROWS LIGHTING SMOOT-HOLMAN CO. 321 N. Eucalyptus Ave, Inglewood, Calif June 1959 DO ROMAN'S SYCAMORE 3-1171 695 E. COLORADO ST., PASADENA RYAN 1-6669 27 Alumni News Alumni Seminar On June 27, Marineland of the Pacific, southern California's showplace of marine life, will be host to the Annual Alumni Family Picnic. Marineland is three-ring sea circus consisting of a Sea Arena, where visitors can see porpoise games and a sea lion show; the Whale Stadium, a 640,000-gallon tank housing only black pilot whales in captivity; and the biggest fishbowl on carth, a 540,000-gallon tank containing over 200 va- SIT BACK AND RELAX Let Calmec Manufacturing Company Worry About Your Metal Parts and Products We have the most modern facilities and most complete plant to give you the maximum of service, whether it is a small part, a large part, or a product from your ideas to the shipped article direct to your customers, under your name, from our plant. CALMEC MANUFACTURING CO. Robert A. McIntyre, M.S. '38 KImball 6204 5825 District Blvd. Los Angeles 22, Calif. 28 rieties of sea life. Picnickers will also see the Jeweled Aquaria, displaying rare and beautiful fish; the Octopus Grotto; the Flamingo Garden, with graceful flamingos and comic equatorial penguins; Tropical Tank, with hundreds of colorful fish from Hawaiian reefs; Harbor Sea Pool; African Lung Fish; and wall exhibits featuring a variety of strange underwater specimens swimming in individual tanks. Alumni, their family and friends will be admitted at reduced prices, by picking up tickets at the registration entrance. Ample free parking will be available. Those who bring their own lunches will enjoy eating on a spacious lawn which has been specially reserved for the Caltech group. Marineland, which is open from 10:30 a.m. until sunset, is located directly on the coast, midway between Redondo Beach and San Pedro on Palos Verdes Drive. See you there on June 27. -Stan Groner '52 Chairman, Picnic Committee ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OFFICERS PRESIDENT SECRETAI Edward P. Fleischer, '4 Sonald S. Clar VICE-PRESIDENT TREASURE Frank C. Bumb, '51 George B. Holmes, '3 Nick T. Ugrin, '34 ALUMNI CHAPTER OFFICERS NEW YORK CHAPTER President Dudley B. Smith, '45 Clupak, Inc., 530 Fifth Avenue Vice-Presiden Frank B. Jewett, Jr. '38 Titro Corporation of America, 261 Madison Avenu I. B. M.Corporation, 590 Madison Avenue Harry I. Moore, Ir. '48 reasur James C. Townsend, '54 oom 822, 445 East 69th Stre WASHINGTON, D.C. CHAPTER resider Frank H. Shelton, '49 irmed Forces Special Weapons Proje She Sage Maragy, Johne Hopkin" Chareal Richard G. King, '49 SAN FRANCISCO CHAPTER Fiasiderd Oil Co. of Calit, Chemical Division, Richmond Jules F. Mayer, '40 She Pois dempany, Martinez Norman Bulman, '52 James A. Ibers, '51 CHICAGO CHAPTER Popatment of Geology, Northwestern Unreaty, Eastles, '49 Evanston Fice-President Philip E. Smith, '39 Eastman Kodak Co., 1712 Prairie Avenue Secretary-Treasurer Thorne J. Butler, '51 Medical Center. Northwestern University SACRAMENTO CHAPTER Presiden Alfred Schaff, Jr., '41 Aerojet-General Corporation Vice-Presiden George Langsner, '31 ate Division of Highways, 1120 "N" Stree Paul I. Jurach, '46 Meetings: University Luncheon first Friday of each month SAN DIEGO CHAPTER Chairman 3040 Udal Street Secretadated Vuliee Aircral! Corp. ogram Chairm Yavy Electronics Laborato Maurice B. Ross, '24 Frank 1. Dore, '45 Herman S. Englander, '39 Engineering and Science Though the building is not yet built, this is a view from one of the apartments. How to look out a window before the building is up A feature of The Comstock, San only points out the location of a Francisco's new co-operative apart- possible apartment on a scale ments on top of Nob Hill, will be model, but shows you the view the spectacular panoramic views from your window as well. of the Bay area from their picture Photography rates high as a windows. master salesman. It rates high in How could these views be spread other business and industry tasks, before prospective buyers-before too. The research laboratory, the the building was up? The devel- production line, the quality control With 180 "view"apartments to sell, the developers of The Comstock turned to photography to get a jump on sales opers, Albert-Lovett Co., found the department and the office all get answer in photography. From a work done better and faster with gondola suspended from a crane, photography on the job. color photos were made from the Whatever your field, you will positions of the future apartments. find photography can save you Now, the sales representative not time and cut costs, too. EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, Rochester 4, N. Y. CAREERS WITH KODAK With photography and photographic processes becoming increasingly important in the business and industry of tomorrow, there are new and challenging opportunities at Kodak in research, engineering, electronics, design and production. If you are looking for such an interesting opportunity, write for information about careers with Kodak. Address: Business and Technical Personnel Dept., Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester 4, N. Y. Kodak TRADE WARE One of a series General Electric interviews Dr. Richard Folsom, President of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, to explore ... Teaching- A Career Opportunity For the Engineer Leading educators, statesmen and industrialists throughout the country are greatly concerned with the current shortage of high-caliber graduates who are seriously considering a career in the field of science or engineering educa- tion. Consequently, General Electric has taken this opportunity to explore, with one of America's eminent educators, the opportunities and rewards teaching offers the scientific or engineering student. Q. Is there in fact a current and con- tinuing need for educators in technical colleges and universities? A. Colleges and universities providing scientific and engineering educational opportunities are hard pressed at the present moment to obtain the services of a sufficient number of well-qualified teachers to adequately carry out their programs. Projected statistical studies show that this critical need could tend over the next 15 or 20 years. Q. Why is this need not being met? A. There are probably three main rea-sons. These might be classed under conditions of financial return, prestige associated with the position, and lack of knowledge and understanding on the part of the college student of the advantages and rewards teaching as a career can afford. Q. What steps have been taken to make education a more attractive field to en- gineering students? A. Steps are being taken in all areas. For example, we have seen a great deal in the newspapers relating educators' salaries to the importance of the job they are doing. Indications are that these efforts are beginning to bear fruit. Greater professional stature is being achieved as the general public under- stands that the youth of our nation is the most valuable natural resource that we possess... and that those associated with the education of this youth have one of the most important assignments in our country today. Q. Aside from salary, what rewards can a career in education offer as opposed to careers in government or industry? A. The principal rewards might be freedom to pursue your own ideas within the general framework of the school, in teaching, research and consulting activ-ities. As colleges and universities are normally organized, a man has three months in the summer time to engage in activities of his own choice. In addi-tion, the educator is in direct contact with students and he has the satisfac- under his direction... to see them take Q. What preparation ing career? A. In college, the engineering student should obtain a basic understanding of science, engineering science, humanities and social sciences with some applications in one or more professional engineering areas. He should have frequent career discussions with faculty. members and his dean. During graduate work, a desirable activity, the student should have an opportunity to do some teaching. Q. Must an engineering student obtain advanced degrees before he can teach? A. It is not absolutely necessary. On the other hand, without advanced degrees, advancement in the academic world would be extremely difficult. Q. How valuable do you feel industrial experience is to an engineering or scientific educator? A. Industrial experience for a science GENERAL educator is desirable; however, with a senior engineering educator, industrial experience is a "must". An ideal en- gineering educator should have had enough industrial experience so that he understands the problems and responsibilities in carrying a project from its formative stages to successful comple-tion, including not only the technical aspects, but the economic and personal relationships also. Q. What do you consider to be the optimum method by which an educator can obtain industrial experience? A. There are many methods. After completion of graduate school, perhaps the most beneficial is a limited but intensive work period in industry. Consulting during an academic year Or summer is a helpful activity and is desirable for older members of the staff. Younger educators usually need experience in "living with the job" rather than providing consultant's advice to the responsible individual. Q. Based on your experience, what personal characteristics are possessed by successful professors? A. Primarily, successful professors have an excellent and growing knowledge of their subjects, are interested in people, and transmit enthusiasm. They have an ability to explain and impart information with ease. They generate ideas and carty them out because they are devoted to developing their fields of knowledge. They desire personal freedom and action. For further information on challenging career opportunities in the field of science and engineering education, write to: Mr. W. Leighton Collins, Secretary, American Society for Engineering Educa-tion, University of Illinois, Urbana, 10. дв ELECTRIC