Engineering and Science, Volume 10:1, January 1947

ALUMNI NEWS ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OFFICERS PRESIDENT A. I. Laws '26 WESIDENT BOARD OF DIRECTORS F. T. Schell '27 C. F. Friend '38 H. B. Lewis '23 ECRETAR • S. Clark *2 R. Bradburn D. Andrews H. M. Huston '29 C. W. Varney Jr. '22 ALUMNI CHAPTER OFFICERS New York Chapter: PRESIDENT Evan Johnson '38 969 Madison Ave., New York 21, N. Y., Tel. BUtterfield 8-4116 VICE-PRESIDENT H. E. Mendenhall *23 3 Oakridge Avenue, Summit, N. J. Tel. SU 6-2822 SECRETARY-TREASURER Richard Pond '39 174 North 19th Street, East Orange, N. J. Tel. OR 4-2164 San Francisco Chapter: PRESIDENT Maurice Jones '26 908 Curtis Street, Berkeley 6, California, Tel. THornewall 2893 Bechtel McCone Brothers Tel. DOuglas 4032 VICE-PRESIDENT Ted Vermeulen '36 2226 McGee Avenue, Berkeley 3, California Shell Development Company Tel. EXbrook 5400 SECRETARY-TREASURER Robert P. Jones '35 1431 Park Blvd., San Mateo, California, Tel. San Mateo 3-7634 Standard of California Tel. SUtter 7700 The San Francisco Chapter meets weekly for lunch at the Fraternity Club, 345 Bush Street, on Mondays. C.I.T. GRADUATES PROMINENT AT A.I.M.E. TECHNICAL SESSION SEVERAL CIT graduates aided in the presenta of a technical sessions program of the A.I.M.E's Petroleum Division in Los Angeles, late in October. Vorris Johnston, Ph.D. '30, of the General Petro leum Corporation, on the Technical Sessions Program Committee, and presided at an afternoon meeting. Nicholas D'Arcy '28, of the Charles W. Carter Company, spoke on Hydraulic Drives in the Oil Fields. DI. B. H. Sage, M.S. '31, Ph.D. '34, professor of chemical engineering at the Institute, with Robert H. Olds '38, M.S. '39, research assistant in chemistry, considered the Volumetric Behavior of Oil and Gas from Several San Joaquin Valley Fields. E. V. Watts '36, of General Petroleum, presented Some Aspects of High Pressures in the D.7 Zone of the Ventura Field. Past president of the Southern California Section of the A.I.M.E., Harvey S. Mudd, who is also vice president of the Institute Board of Trustees and an Associate, addressed the annual banquet of the Southern California Section of the A.I.M.E. at the close of the two-day program on Recent Observations in Europe and Cypress. JANUARY, 1947 ALUMNI DANCE IN FEBRUARY THE twelfth Annual Alumni Dance and Buffet Dinner is planned for the night of Saturday, February 15, at the Pasadena Athletic Club, corner of Los Robles and Green Street. Hal Loman and his orchestra will play for the dancing, beginning at 9:00, the buffet opens at 8:30, and the cocktail lounge will be open all evening Alumni are cordially invited and are welcome to make up a party of friends, alumni or not, to enjoy the affair. Dress will be informal and the ticket price, which includes everything, is seven dollars per couple. Accomodations are limited, however, and it is advisable to make reservations as early as possible. The final date for ordering tickets is February 12, and no refunds can be made for cancellations turned in after February 13. No tickets will be sold at the Club. ALBERT CHAPMAN '25 RECOMMENDS VENEZUELA A LBERT Chapman 25, who is with the Creol Petroleum Corporation at Maracaibo, Venezuela writes: "After I returned from overseas I ran into Hans Kramer, our old PMS&T back in '21-'23. Now a B.G. and had just been assigned to the Mississippi River Commission (He has since resigned and is with Sverdrup in Kansas City, specializing in hydraulics consulting.) "I returned to civilian life just a year ago, and with my wife, took a six week drive from Washington, D.C. (my last station) to our home in Texas, traveling up through Portland Maine, Niagara Falls, New York, Detroit, Indianapolis, Tulsa, Dallas and Hous-ton. In Niagara Falls I ran into that red-headed piano player, Paul Noll, '25. We had dinner together and after dinner Paul demonstrated that his fingers had lost none of their old touch, playing duets with my wife on the Niagara Hotel piano. "While overseas in Eritrea and Egypt I ran into '36, when he was on a construction job there. My own overseas assignment was area engineer in Egypt, Eritrea, and later was commanding officer, Suez Canal Ports, in charge of all U.S. Army operations along the canal. I came back after 31 months, as a lieutenant colonel and with a Legion of Merit. I was then assigned as chief, Mechanical and Electrical Branch, Research and Development Office, Chief of Engineers, Washington, where I stayed until I went on civvy street. "I am now with Creole Petroleum Corporation, part of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey family. I am rated as senior engineer and am ir the division engineer's office in Maracaibo. The work is interesting and the climate grand. Summers are far milder than either Texas or Egyptian summers. The thermometer did not go above 95 degrees all summer, which I'll bet is more than sunny California can say! This is a good outfit to be with and I can heartily recommend it and foreign work to any Tech man. "We are planning to come out to Pasadena in June, 1950 for the 25th anniversary of the graduation of the class of '25. From what I hear, Tech has changed a lot since then!" Page 13 ALUMNI ASSOCIATION FISCAL REPORT Association during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1946. BALANCE SHEET - JUNE 30, 1946 Assets Cash in bank and on hand Ine len rige of Technology Trust: Gueds funds $15,893.59 $16,725.38 $ 6,034.77 Liabilities Decount cryablo income: Substiti is ad a de Monchly $ 2,576.75 $18.50 United States Treasury bonds 222.00 16,947.38 Furniture and fixtures (net) Postage deposits TOTAL ASSETS 221.04 103.39 $23,306.58 $ 2,438.75 3,095.25 16,050.00 1,831.94 TOTAL LIABILITIES 17,881.94 $23,415.94 Capital Surplus Juss of 1xpg $1,416.03 1,525.39 Deficit, June 30, 1946 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND CAPITAL ( 109.36) $23,306.58 ever, the investment principal cannot be withdrawn from the STATEMENT OF INCOME AND EXPENSE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1946 Income Annual dues $3,226.85 'Interest Capital gair ther incom Total Income $3,364.95 Expenses Administration *Social "Seminar Membership Placement Chapters *Assistance to Associated Student Body 5.14210, 19.59) 338.38) 266.70 250.00 73.00 195.54 E & S Monthly $3,823.27 Less subscription income 763.65 3,059.62 Total Expenses Deficit $4,890.29 （$1,525.39） I Interest on funds invested in California Institute of Technology Trust. Due to a change in accounting methods dur ng the year, interest is not taken into income until received This statement therefore does not reflect $672.60 interest earned but not received until the succeeding fiscal year. 2 A proportionate share of capital gains made on California Institute of Technology Trust portfolio. Underwriting portion of costs of publication of the Cali ornia Tech and the Big T Amounts shown are net. Brackets represent deficit or an excess of receipts over disbursements. Page 14 BUDGET YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1947 Income Dues Members to 9/30/46 - Annual 1,378 Life 346 Total 1,724 Dues rec'd to date Asso adition to means @ $4.00 Let tal ailable dureserved for E des Net income from dues Mise Me. I income addressograph Total Expense Administratior Social Seminar Membership Actual 1945-46 $1,857.75 (108.48) 345.86) 209.12 250.00 73.0 95.5 Total Est. Surplus $5,111.25 304.00 ,415.2 ,600.0 1,815.25 672.60 123.00 $3,310.30 1946-47 $2,050.00 250.00 250.00 100.00 200.00 250.00 $3,100.00 $ 210.30 ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHIY The outstanding feature of the above income report is the substantial net loss, resulting primarily and Science Monthly. of the magazine rose from $1340 the preceding year to a figure of $3060, a sharp advance of $1720 or about 128 per cent. This was due to a combination of unfavorable circumstances including marked in. creases in the cost of paper, printing, and engraving and some decline in advertising revenue. situation also showed serious he blem oalan she si ation in- dicated deficit of $109 In attempting to put these activities on a sounder hnancial basis for future years a series of conferences and committee meetings were held. It was defnitely established that all expenses except for magazine were at an irreducible minimum; that the magazine was such a vital part of Alumni and Institute activities that every effort should be exerted to continue it on the existing basis; with all operating costs rising, some increase in dues was almost an move. A program the following a). Alumni Association annual dues and for life memberships were increased to put them more in line with those of other schools. b) The arrangement whereby the business and publication details of Engineering and Science had been handled by an outside agency fall of 1943 was terminated, and all activities were again consolidated in the Alumni office under supervision of a salaried managing editor. MISSING ADDRESSES The residence, business or military addresses of the follow- ing graduates are unknown. If anyone reading this column could supply this information, it would be appreciated if they contact the Alumni Office. -Editor. 1937 Murphy, Joseph N. Noble Odell, Parry, H. Dean Rinehart, John S. Schultz, Servet, John R. Abdurahim Shaw, Thomas N. Shuler, Ellis Smith, Joe N. Townsend, Robert D., JI. Tsubota, George Y Walseth, Sterling Wiseman, Sam H. Yin, Hung Chang 1938 Ackerman, John B Javidsor Donald D inab, Kamal Stone, William S. Taso, Chi Cheng Tieker, Paul O Wang, Hsih Heng Windsor, Emanuel 1939 Arnold, Lee Burns, Martin C. Cabeen, William Fan, Fish Ter Fan, Robert L. Goering, Kenneth J. Noel "" Hiehle, Ernest Mi Hoy, Robene B Hsueh, Chao Wang Jackson, Andrew M. Jones, Winthrop G Jack, Samuel S. Jennin Sircephen Jetter, Kanemitsu, Sunao Lowe, Frank C. McLeish, Charles W. Moorman, Thomas S. Nysewander, Cecil W. Ofsthun, Sidney A. Orr, James M. Putt, Donald L. JANUARY, 1947 Vorquist, Kenneth S Parish, Elliott W., Jr Robertson, Francis A Stephens, Frank B Tatom, Johr. F. 1940 Batu, Buhtar Chen, Sigelo STages James O. Gentner, William B Gould, Clark W., Jr. c) The Institute administration, recognizing the value of the magazine in its public relations pro-gram, agreed under certain conditions to underwrite defcits sustained by the magazine during the current fiscal year. To date this latter step does not appear to be necessary. Aside from the above financial difficulties the Association enjoyed another progressive year. The isual number of dinner and social meetings were held, the Alumni Seminar was enjoyed by a large group of interested Alumni and guests, and an innovation in the form of a Theatre Party at the Pasadena Playhouse rounded out a very successful rear for the social and program committees. Mem ership continued to increase, and the end of the year saw the following tally as compared with the previous year: Annual Members Fully Paid Life Members June 30 June 30 1946 1945 1412 1256 321 257 Total 1733 1513 Plans were made at the end of the year to assist in the welcoming of the new Institute president, Dr. DuBridge; and the Association has signifed its intention and desire to cooperate with the new administration in furthering the work of the Institute. The mutual advantages of such cooperation are very trongly telt by both groups Signed) Charles W. Varney, President 1945-46 Allen L. Laws, President 1946-47 1942 Carr, Curtis, Isadore Hsu, Menis, Robert Yuan, 1941 Chang, Jarrett, Hight, Shaffer, 1943 1944 George H. Ir. Trimble, Page 15 sought after, as much for his helpful counsel as for his whole-hearted laughter. Those who knew Professor Laing best will recall evenings of serious, though never solemn, conversa-tion; an inexhaustible supply of stories, limericks, and other light verse; and, occasionally an evening when he would sing, in a rich natural baritone, Scotch border ballads and other old songs. Among Professor Laing's closest friends a number reasure some gift from his wood shop; for next o the delight he took in his work as a skilled wood craftsman, he delighted to give it away. From 1942 through 1944, Professor Laing was project supervisor for one of the Institute's confidential defense activities. A heavy responsibility, it meant making and administering a total budget of several hundred thousand dollars. Though his health was precarious during the war, he did not become seriously ill until about a year ago. Mrs. Laing continues to live at the familiar, hos- pitable house on Pleasant Way. his article was prepared by Dr. Roger Stanton, assistan rofessor of English Language and Literature, California Ir stitute of Technology. Seventy-Three Years of Photography (Continued from page 8) Most of Peabody's later work was designed to be used in visual education. In the twenties and thirties he photographed all of the national parks, at first producing lantern slides and later 35 millimeter strips and motion pictures. More recently his motion picture films have been re-issued by Bell and Howell on 16 millimeter film with a sound track of descrip-ions by the photographer. Betore this was done eabody traveled for 15 years, lecturing on the natural phenomena that he had photographed. In the fall of 1920 the Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics was under construction at the California Peabody suggested to Hiram Wadsworth, a trustee of the Institute at that time, that a photographic laboratory should be incorporated in the structure. After consultation with the architect, Bertram Goodhue, it was decided to adopt Peabody's plan, and a laboratory was built on the top of the building, connecting with the elevator shaft. of the original equipment in the laboratory was contributed by its designer, and some of it is still in use. Mr. Peabody recently moved from Altadena to Glendora, and although he built a darkroom in his present home within a month after his arrival, he still commutes to his Pasadena laboratory two or three times a week. He still has prints to make from his negative files. and after the next fall of snow there will be several winter scenes to develop. C. I. T. NEWS PRESIDENT DUBRIDGE APPOINTED TO ATOMIC ENERGY ADVISORY BOARD • RESIDENT Lee A. DuBridge was named last month by President Iruman to serve on the nine-man advisory board to the Civilian Atomic Page 12 Energy Commission. This board, according to Pres ident Truman, has been chosen to advise the Civilian Commission on "scientific and technical matters relating to materials, production and research an de-velopment." The first item on which the advisory board is expected to aid the commission is the layout of an atomic energy power plant and establishment of research centers in various parts of the nation. Other members of the board include Professor • R. Oppenheimer, Dr. J. B. Conant, Enrico Fermi Glenn T. Seaborg, and I I. Rabi. SAILING TEAM LOSES CUP Yachtmen, the Calich Pacific Coast co regate its 1941 victory, and came in seventh out of a field of 10 in the second annual Pacific Coast Intercol- U.C.L.A. coming in second and third. Other colleges participating were Pomona, Santa Barbara State, U.S.C., U.C., and Fullerton and Santa Ana Junior Colleges. An Annapolis team was invited, but failed to arrive in time for the meet. Three crews of two men each were entered by the participating colleges. Boats were supplied by the Newport Yacht Club, which borrowed them from members. In this race Dyer Dinghies were used, and distributed to the teams by lot. Weather on the day of the race proved poor for sailing. Light breezes only occasionally disturbed the calm bay. The dinghies crept around the course with a few spurts by a boat or two on the windward side of the fleet. Active on the race committee was Jack Palmer '41. This group laid out courses for three races, with all boats entered in each. Further meets of a dual or triangular sort are planned by Institute sailors during the spring. No definite dates have been set so far. MANY FORMER LETTERMEN ON TRACK TEAM T Cock and field pro ects for lee ek god. school, is expecting an exceptionally well-balanced squad. From the 1946 team are Paul Saltman, hurd les, George Brown, pole vault, Tom Miller, high jump, Doug MacLean, javelin, Bill Simons, 880 and mile, Bob Funk, 440 and Charles Shaller, sprints. Two javelin throwers from previous years, Jim Smith, who won letters in 1942 and 1943 and was throwins the javelin around 200 feet while in the service, anc Chuck McDougall, 1942 letterman, are back. Stan Barnes, who ran the 880 in a little under two minutes in 1944, and Elroy Chinn, a 21-foot broad jump er, are squad members this year. who Three graduates starred on the championship 1945 team are eligible: Hubie Clark, quarter miler, Ken Shauer, 440 and 880 man, and Don Tillman, weights. Shauer holds the school record of 49.4s in the 440, and ran the 880 in 1945 in Im 59.2s. Tillman established new Tech records in 1945 with marks of 47 feet 3 inches in the shot and 142 feet 3 inches in the discus. ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY Born July 14, 1884 GRAHAM ALLAN LAING Professor of Economics, California Institute of Technology Died November 12, 1946 Social Hour at the home of Professor Graham Laing, after one of his Economics Seminars. A LUMNI who elected "Econ 45" in the senior year at the Institute will recall scenes similar to the one in the photograph. Annually, for almost 20 years, Professor Laing conducted his seminar at home one night a week throughout the term. Toward the end of the evening, Mrs. Laing always appeared with coffee and tea and a selection of cakes and sandwiches. Many hundreds of people in the communities between Santa Barbara and San Diego will recall Professor Laing's lectures delivered before various civic and educational groups. For many years also, in addition to his popular lectures, he taught courses for the Extension Division of the University of Cali-fornia, Berkeley, and for the American Bankers' In-stitute. Professor Laing was encyclopedic in his learning. JANUARY, 1947 At home both in science and letters, he exemplified the humanistic spirit. On the platform and in conver-sation, the play of his active mind was invariably stimulating, and his retentive memory seldom was at a loss to produce the apt quotation. The many who have listened to him will recall with pleasure, in ad- dition to the wisdom he proffered, the clear and witty delivery in rapid, incisive, Dundee-American Scots. Many who knew Professor Laing well will re- member most vividly perhaps the rich human qualities that made him the colorful personality he was. Few men have so relished humanity. With Terence he might have said, "I am a man; therefore I consider that nothing human is alien to me." A great capacity for fun accompanied an even greater one for sym- pathy and tolerance. In consequence, he was much Page 11 sought after, as much for his helpful counsel as for his whole-hearted laughter. Those who knew Professor Laing best will recall evenings of serious, though never solemn, conversa-tion; an inexhaustible supply of stories, limericks, and other light verse; and, occasionally an evening when he would sing, in a rich natural baritone, Scotch border ballads and other old songs. Among Professor Laing's closest friends a number reasure some gift from his wood shop; for next o the delight he took in his work as a skilled wood craftsman, he delighted to give it away. From 1942 through 1944, Professor Laing was project supervisor for one of the Institute's confidential defense activities. A heavy responsibility, it meant making and administering a total budget of several hundred thousand dollars. Though his health was precarious during the war, he did not become seriously ill until about a year ago. Mrs. Laing continues to live at the familiar, hos- pitable house on Pleasant Way. his article was prepared by Dr. Roger Stanton, assistan rofessor of English Language and Literature, California Ir stitute of Technology. Seventy-Three Years of Photography (Continued from page 8) Most of Peabody's later work was designed to be used in visual education. In the twenties and thirties he photographed all of the national parks, at first producing lantern slides and later 35 millimeter strips and motion pictures. More recently his motion picture films have been re-issued by Bell and Howell on 16 millimeter film with a sound track of descrip-ions by the photographer. Betore this was done eabody traveled for 15 years, lecturing on the natural phenomena that he had photographed. In the fall of 1920 the Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics was under construction at the California Peabody suggested to Hiram Wadsworth, a trustee of the Institute at that time, that a photographic laboratory should be incorporated in the structure. After consultation with the architect, Bertram Goodhue, it was decided to adopt Peabody's plan, and a laboratory was built on the top of the building, connecting with the elevator shaft. of the original equipment in the laboratory was contributed by its designer, and some of it is still in use. Mr. Peabody recently moved from Altadena to Glendora, and although he built a darkroom in his present home within a month after his arrival, he still commutes to his Pasadena laboratory two or three times a week. He still has prints to make from his negative files. and after the next fall of snow there will be several winter scenes to develop. C. I. T. NEWS PRESIDENT DUBRIDGE APPOINTED TO ATOMIC ENERGY ADVISORY BOARD • RESIDENT Lee A. DuBridge was named last month by President Iruman to serve on the nine-man advisory board to the Civilian Atomic Page 12 Energy Commission. This board, according to Pres ident Truman, has been chosen to advise the Civilian Commission on "scientific and technical matters relating to materials, production and research an de-velopment." The first item on which the advisory board is expected to aid the commission is the layout of an atomic energy power plant and establishment of research centers in various parts of the nation. Other members of the board include Professor • R. Oppenheimer, Dr. J. B. Conant, Enrico Fermi Glenn T. Seaborg, and I I. Rabi. SAILING TEAM LOSES CUP Yachtmen, the Calich Pacific Coast co regate its 1941 victory, and came in seventh out of a field of 10 in the second annual Pacific Coast Intercol- U.C.L.A. coming in second and third. Other colleges participating were Pomona, Santa Barbara State, U.S.C., U.C., and Fullerton and Santa Ana Junior Colleges. An Annapolis team was invited, but failed to arrive in time for the meet. Three crews of two men each were entered by the participating colleges. Boats were supplied by the Newport Yacht Club, which borrowed them from members. In this race Dyer Dinghies were used, and distributed to the teams by lot. Weather on the day of the race proved poor for sailing. Light breezes only occasionally disturbed the calm bay. The dinghies crept around the course with a few spurts by a boat or two on the windward side of the fleet. Active on the race committee was Jack Palmer '41. This group laid out courses for three races, with all boats entered in each. Further meets of a dual or triangular sort are planned by Institute sailors during the spring. No definite dates have been set so far. MANY FORMER LETTERMEN ON TRACK TEAM T Cock and field pro ects for lee ek god. school, is expecting an exceptionally well-balanced squad. From the 1946 team are Paul Saltman, hurd les, George Brown, pole vault, Tom Miller, high jump, Doug MacLean, javelin, Bill Simons, 880 and mile, Bob Funk, 440 and Charles Shaller, sprints. Two javelin throwers from previous years, Jim Smith, who won letters in 1942 and 1943 and was throwins the javelin around 200 feet while in the service, anc Chuck McDougall, 1942 letterman, are back. Stan Barnes, who ran the 880 in a little under two minutes in 1944, and Elroy Chinn, a 21-foot broad jump er, are squad members this year. who Three graduates starred on the championship 1945 team are eligible: Hubie Clark, quarter miler, Ken Shauer, 440 and 880 man, and Don Tillman, weights. Shauer holds the school record of 49.4s in the 440, and ran the 880 in 1945 in Im 59.2s. Tillman established new Tech records in 1945 with marks of 47 feet 3 inches in the shot and 142 feet 3 inches in the discus. ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY PERSONALS FORMER FACULTY HANS KRAMER, who was ROTC instructor at the 1924, is retired isticure from 1920 to Army as a brigadier general. He is now engaged cla a consulting engineer in San Fran-ANTONIN HEYTHUM, lecturer in terest are considering the introduc- tion of a five year curriculum in Indus- On my request I received I chose among he associates of one of the leadin; dustrial design offices in New York City. super the students' committed to be in Syracuse only twice tests and criticism, and to introduce new We have 20 students to The way my engagement is et the Columbia School ofith my GUY D. YOUNG continues as owner uring ectober ar obet ander rembernie, ope Emperor packing house from MAX H. CARSON, with the U. S Geological Survey at Honolulu, flew to While of Dis- Survey at ington, Montgomery, Alabama, visited in Wash- spent some time at Los Alamos, New Mexico. 1917 ROY T. RICHARDS, having served i brah superin warn of the now assistant Central Arizona Light and Power Company in Phoenix. 1927 J. DAVIS SHUSTER came west from Braintree, Massachusetts, to see his family and to visit in San Francisco over Christmas ch hi the dold coming, by electrical engineer Bethlehem Stee! Company in Quincy, Massachu- setts. LEONARD SNYDER was unable to attend the December 10 Alumni Dinner because of a severe case of mumps. 1928 TOMIZO SUZUKI has been working for the Hazama Gumi Company, Ltd., contractors in Nagoya since December, 1941. The company at present is doing extensive construction work for Ameri- Forces. He is extremel hard because of the scarcities of food stuffs, clothing and housing. NICHOLAS M. OBOUKHOFF, Academy of Science. His topics were Page 16 the Present-Day Situation in Manchur- HARRY MASON was with the Army Engineers Los Angeles County Flood Control as office engineer. 1931 EVERETT TROSTEL is employed by consulting DeGolyer and MacNaughton in Dallas, Texas. 1932 CHARLES D. CORYELL holds the position of professor of chemistry at M.I.T. CARROLL CRAIG is now in Bleitz Camera and Baco Manufacturing Companies, both of Hollywood DAN MATHEWSON was married in Following his release from has gone back to work at Lockheed. NORMAN P. OLDSON has returned to the Bureau of Ships in Washington, Pions, Colson part Barion orm: Thompson of Peoria, Illinois. 1941 JOE LEWIS is the father of a second son, John Rigg, born November 3. The first son, Joe III (Jeft), was born in 1944 while Joe was serving in the Navy New Martinsville, West live in Pittsburgh, Pa., where John i erators at lets desiges engines or cue one The couple were married August 17. ALBERT ALBRECHT is employed by CHARLES M. BROWN has returned to Glendale to establish the West Coast branch of Melpar, Inc., of Washington He left RCA Service Company to join Melpar, where he became visor of the electro-mechanical division. MURRAY J. LESSER is now workin Engine and Aircraft Cor 1n now DeGolyer and MacNaughtoa consulting of Dallas as ELMO S. MATHEWS was formerly with the Washington, Signal Corps D. C., and is now at Har- vard Business School. 1936 MALCOLM E. DOJGLAS ried to Miss bunkport, Elaine Towne of Kma- Kenne- on August The couple now live in Lynn, Massachusetts. JOHN GATES is exploitation engi- mer in sharge if chemical developmen the Shell Company production laboratory in Los Angeles EDWARDS goes to work tor Chemical Process Company in Mill-brae the first of Proe she fa small, relively, hecoca of chemicals used in ion exchanges in the treatment of water. LIEUTENANT COLONEL WIL- LIAM J. ELLISON. JR. was married November 2 to Miss Helen Stoshitch in San Francisco. BOB BARRY is chief engineer and member of the executive committee the Mission Appliance Corporation Los Angeles. NOAH H. ANDERSON is moving to Longview, Washington, where he is employed in the Reynolds ERWIN J. POIZNER was given his M.S. in geological engineering at in September, CllL1 CHARLES D. RUSSELL has taken a as research chemist with Car- ter Oil Company in Tulsa. WARREN AMSTER was from the Army in August and has re- turned to the Institute graduate student working for an A.E. degree. ARTHUR CARSON is employed at Los Alamos, New Mexico. ELMER S. HALL moved to Washing- ton, D. C., in October to work with Melpar, Inc., in the electronic division. WHEELER J. NORTH got his dis charge from the Army in October with the rank of first lieutenant in the Sig- nal Corps. ROLF W. PROTZEN has changed his name to ROLF W. KLOCK and is employed as chief engineer for the Bru-con Company in facturing San Francisco, manu- hydraulic equipment. 1945 ROBERT R. BENNETT is at Tech as a teaching assistant and graduate student working for his M.S. degree in electrical engineering STANLEY D. CLARK is engaged to Miss Doris Donnelly of Santa Monica. R. F. SCHMOKER Ensign (CEC) USN, has been appointed maintenance superintendent at Naval Air Station, San Diego, and is residing at that sta- t101 with this wife and daughter, Linda Suzanne, age one month. 1946 MORTON M. ASTRAHAM is em ployed by the Glenn L. Martin Com pany. CHARLES G. BEATTY, HARVEY BRINKHAUS YOSHIYUKU working Westinghouse Electric Corporation plant in East Pennsylvania. Pittsburgh. KENNETH N. DOIG is in mechani cal engineering production work with Shell Oil Company in Los Angeles. JAMES DRAKE has a position with Marquardt Aircraft Corporation in Ven-ice, California, working on the ram-jet project. Jim is living in Santa Monica. ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY The Quickstep Seventy-Three Years of Photography TARTING his photographic career in 1875 ment, Henry G. Peabody, who now lives in Glendora, California, has shown in the 71 years that have followed, that technique is of greater importance than equipment. Most of the photographs reproduced in this article were taken with a home-made 8 x 10 inch box camera, 50 years ago, and show a degree of photographic artistry that will stand up to today's achieve. ments. The techniques used by Mr. Peabody in his pioneering days, as well as his experiences as an early camera man, are of interest in a day of one thou sandth second shutter speeds, f/1.9 lenses, and film peeds with a Weston rating of 200. Today, at 91 Mr. Peabody is making prints of salon quality in hi. Glendora darkroom, and commuting to Pasadena twice a week in order to work with much of his equipment stored in this city. As this is written, early in 1947, Mr. Peabody is waiting for enough snow to fall on Mount San Antonio, framed by two JANUARY, 1947 closer peaks as it is seen from his home, to take a Southern California winter scene. The prints of sailing craft illustrating this article are reproductions of those given to the California Institute of Technology by Mr. Peabody in the fall of 1946. Mr. Peabody, who graduated from Dartmouth in 1876, started experimenting with photography as a student. It was still an avocation when he entered Massachusetts Institute of Technology to take courses in electrical engineering with the class of 1878, of which he is now the sole surviving member. After a year he took a job in Chicago with the Westerr Electric Company. While there he made photographs in his spare time, even going into partnership with another pioneer, Hesler, who took interiors while Peabody photographed landscapes and architectural detail. All of this was done with wet collodion plates, which had to be sensitized just before being used, exposed for what seems today an interminable Page 5 length of time, usually from five to 10 seconds, and then developed immediately. It was still 1878 when Peabody's partner received a letter from a friend named Carbutt, disclosing that he was working on a dry plate emulsion and had arrived at a workable coating, but was in poor shape financially. Hesler thought the matter over and then sent about $25 to Carbutt in exchange for some 5 x 8 inch plates. The Pullman Company had just ordered some interior pictures taken of its new cars by the firm of Peabody and Hesler. The dry plates seemed a light burden to carry through the car yards. Wet collodion plates used by all photo- graphers at that time would have required either a speedy messenger to rush the newly prepared plates to the Pullman Company and back to the firm's dark-room, or a wagon to carry a portable darkroom to the scene to be photographed. Peabody tried the new plates. The results were excellent. This, he believes, was the first time that a commercial picture was taken on a dry plate in this country. The new emulsion, besides being much handier, fireath of the previous time required bicame stan- speed of f/16, Peabody used shutter speeds as high as one and this 10 years before Eastman popularized photo-low-priced cameras and today, Brownie-type cameras have of only one twenty-fifth of a second. Among other commissions that Peabody carried out in Chicago were many catalogue illustrations for the Western Electric Company. Although the wood block was the only type of engraving then in use, Henry G. Peabody it was adapted to photographic reproduction by sensitizing blocks of wood, making prints on them, anc then using the reproduction as a pattern. The carving was electrotyped and used to make the printing impressions. Half-tones soon improved the photo reproduction process, coming in near the end of the eighties replacing other methods of re production by the middle nineties. Leaving Western Electric and returning to Boston after eight years in Chicago and New York, Peabody found himself in the midst of the depression of '85. Electrical engineers were in small demand, and two years later, when the expanding industry offered many new jobs, he had immersed himself so com- pletely in photographic work that he never left it. As a young photographer in 1885, Peabody joined the Corinthian Yacht Club in Marblehead, Massa-chusetts, and later the Atlantic Yacht Club of New York. For recreation while he was serving as the official photographer of the Boston and Maine Rail- LEFT: This photograph of the nine inch Equatorial Tele-scop collodian plath oll we was de en a ayris, gone wet collodion plate. from drying and crystallizing during the long exposure an interval between the coating and developing of the plate ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY Shamrock II crossing the finish line two seconds ahead of Columbia in an America Cup race, October 4, 1901. Columbia won this race, however, on time allowance. The Sandy Hook lightship is in the left background. road, he photographed the yachts of members. Given a private car to use as darkroom and living quarters, pictures of the Boston and and later worked under a similar ar- rangement with the Great Northern road when it its line to the Pacific Coast through the Rocky Mountains and the Cascades to Puget Sound. It was on this commission that he first used filters, employing some of yellow-tinted glass made by Car-butt, which were very similar to the K-2 Wratten Between trips to photograph railroad scenery, Pea- body continued his work with yachts. Six defences of the America Cup between 1887 and 1903 gave him opportunities to photograph the finest sailing craft of that era. Besides the Cup races, the Newport trial runs and the Astor Cup events, the annual New York Yacht Club cruises around Cape Cod to Marblehead gave him ample opportunities to get pictures of ships under many conditions. the America Cup races were patrolled by the Navy, and Peabody usually worked from the judges boat, an oceangoing tug, or the Sandy Hook light- JANUARY, 1947 ship. This craft marked the start and finish of the races, and thus provided a better the photographer than did the crowded judges' tug. Although he usually took pictures solely for his own collection, Peabody Globe creden- tials which got him on patrolled the press tug when an un- race would permit approaching the com- peting ships. Much of this work was done with a rapid retilinear double combination lens, later replaced by a single anastigmatic lens. Peabody's first shutters were made in his own shop, but later, American photographers became so numerous as to permit a New York mechanic named Prosch to devote his full time to their manufacture. The Prosch shutters, designed to work between two lens elements, had three spiral springs of different tensions which gave speeds ranging to one two-hundredth of a second. Peabody used one of these shutters with a single anastigmatic lens, with the shutter in front of the This arrangement protected the lens from flying spray, an important advantage when photographing being done close to the water. In the nineties Peabody was even able to make successful exposures in the Page 7 The camera he used in most of this work was a home-made box, about one foot square, with hand holds in front and a finder on the top. This took an 8 x 10 inch plate holder. The shutter release was extended to one of the hand holds. In use this camera was steadied against the photographer's chest while the exposure was made. Even atter it was no longer necessary for a photographer to carry a portable darkroom, the burden ot the man who planned to take pictures outside his own front yard was not light. pods, and plate holders of rather solid wood, and all scaled to an 8 x 10 inch size, Peabody usually Fortunatel the railroads connected with the ired a cab to transport his equacks in New York where he did many of his photographic studies of racing yachts. Jsually he carried 12 double 8 x 10 inch plate holders. Many of Peabody's type photographs of contemporary sailing craft were made from his own 21 foot catboat, a steady keel-boat which he sailed single-handed, making photographs at the same time. These pictures represented the best yachts of recog nized types. Peabody compiled two sections, depicting sloops and schooners, of a projected volume, Representative American Yachts. Showing his work, he sold subscriptions on the volume, then completed it and printed about 200 copies of the book. This subscription list, containing the names of J. Pierpont Page 8 LEFT: Columbia running for the line in an America Cup race, October 17, 1899. Morgan, James Gordon Bennett, August Belmont, and other notables of that period, is now a valuable collection of signatures. Representative American Yachts was illustrated by take ink in proportion to its density. emulsion was stripped from its plate, treated, this attached to a second plate of heavier glass. method produced an excellent reproduction when printed on a hand press, but was limited as to the quantity of prints. Somewhat less than 1000 reproductions was the maximum number obtainable. In 1898 Peabody went to work for the Detroit Photographic Company, and traveled for 10 years, taking pictures, chiefly views and street scenes in the large cities, national parks, and abroad. An observation made by Mr. Peabody was that while carriage wheels could be stopped by the shutter speeds then in use, the hoofs of the horses pulling them were always a little blurred on the film. One of Peabody's photographic ventures of the early nineties was the 'Squadron of Evolution, new steel Navy. He photographed these ships as they were built, until the process was speeded up to the point where he could not get around to the shipyards in time to cover them all. One print of the Squadron was made in 1893, shortly atter the picture was taken, on albumen paper, the best obtainable at This German-made printing paper ha • be sensitized before being used, and then expose on the same day. The paper was carefully floated in a silver nitrate solution so that only the coated side was wet. After two minutes of this, the 18 × 22 inch sheets were hung to dry in the dark. Then they were suspended for 10 minutes in ammonia fumes. One print of the Squadron has been hanging on various walls for over 50 years without showing any signs of fading. Its contrast is about equal to number two paper today, which is termed "normal." Early photographers varied the contrast of paper prepared in this manner by changing the concentration of silver nitrate in the sensitizing bath. Peabody spent the winters of 1898 and 1899 in Mexico, photographing Spanish Colonial architecture for Sylvester Baxter, in company with Bertram Good-hue the architect. A text, 24 volumes in size, of photographs of Mexican architecture of the Colonial period which was being ravaged by time, weather, and tourists, was produced. This may be found in the offices of many architects who have had available the price of $350 for a set. Stopping in Southern California on his return from the second winter in Mexico, Peabody was so impressed with this region that he never spent another winter in New England. After finishing his documentary work for the Detroit Photographic Company in 1910, he returned to the East only twice. (Continued on page 12) ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY sought after, as much for his helpful counsel as for his whole-hearted laughter. Those who knew Professor Laing best will recall evenings of serious, though never solemn, conversa-tion; an inexhaustible supply of stories, limericks, and other light verse; and, occasionally an evening when he would sing, in a rich natural baritone, Scotch border ballads and other old songs. Among Professor Laing's closest friends a number reasure some gift from his wood shop; for next o the delight he took in his work as a skilled wood craftsman, he delighted to give it away. From 1942 through 1944, Professor Laing was project supervisor for one of the Institute's confidential defense activities. A heavy responsibility, it meant making and administering a total budget of several hundred thousand dollars. Though his health was precarious during the war, he did not become seriously ill until about a year ago. Mrs. Laing continues to live at the familiar, hos- pitable house on Pleasant Way. his article was prepared by Dr. Roger Stanton, assistan rofessor of English Language and Literature, California Ir stitute of Technology. Seventy-Three Years of Photography (Continued from page 8) Most of Peabody's later work was designed to be used in visual education. In the twenties and thirties he photographed all of the national parks, at first producing lantern slides and later 35 millimeter strips and motion pictures. More recently his motion picture films have been re-issued by Bell and Howell on 16 millimeter film with a sound track of descrip-ions by the photographer. Betore this was done eabody traveled for 15 years, lecturing on the natural phenomena that he had photographed. In the fall of 1920 the Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics was under construction at the California Peabody suggested to Hiram Wadsworth, a trustee of the Institute at that time, that a photographic laboratory should be incorporated in the structure. After consultation with the architect, Bertram Goodhue, it was decided to adopt Peabody's plan, and a laboratory was built on the top of the building, connecting with the elevator shaft. of the original equipment in the laboratory was contributed by its designer, and some of it is still in use. Mr. Peabody recently moved from Altadena to Glendora, and although he built a darkroom in his present home within a month after his arrival, he still commutes to his Pasadena laboratory two or three times a week. He still has prints to make from his negative files. and after the next fall of snow there will be several winter scenes to develop. C. I. T. NEWS PRESIDENT DUBRIDGE APPOINTED TO ATOMIC ENERGY ADVISORY BOARD • RESIDENT Lee A. DuBridge was named last month by President Iruman to serve on the nine-man advisory board to the Civilian Atomic Page 12 Energy Commission. This board, according to Pres ident Truman, has been chosen to advise the Civilian Commission on "scientific and technical matters relating to materials, production and research an de-velopment." The first item on which the advisory board is expected to aid the commission is the layout of an atomic energy power plant and establishment of research centers in various parts of the nation. Other members of the board include Professor • R. Oppenheimer, Dr. J. B. Conant, Enrico Fermi Glenn T. Seaborg, and I I. Rabi. SAILING TEAM LOSES CUP Yachtmen, the Calich Pacific Coast co regate its 1941 victory, and came in seventh out of a field of 10 in the second annual Pacific Coast Intercol- U.C.L.A. coming in second and third. Other colleges participating were Pomona, Santa Barbara State, U.S.C., U.C., and Fullerton and Santa Ana Junior Colleges. An Annapolis team was invited, but failed to arrive in time for the meet. Three crews of two men each were entered by the participating colleges. Boats were supplied by the Newport Yacht Club, which borrowed them from members. In this race Dyer Dinghies were used, and distributed to the teams by lot. Weather on the day of the race proved poor for sailing. Light breezes only occasionally disturbed the calm bay. The dinghies crept around the course with a few spurts by a boat or two on the windward side of the fleet. Active on the race committee was Jack Palmer '41. This group laid out courses for three races, with all boats entered in each. Further meets of a dual or triangular sort are planned by Institute sailors during the spring. No definite dates have been set so far. MANY FORMER LETTERMEN ON TRACK TEAM T Cock and field pro ects for lee ek god. school, is expecting an exceptionally well-balanced squad. From the 1946 team are Paul Saltman, hurd les, George Brown, pole vault, Tom Miller, high jump, Doug MacLean, javelin, Bill Simons, 880 and mile, Bob Funk, 440 and Charles Shaller, sprints. Two javelin throwers from previous years, Jim Smith, who won letters in 1942 and 1943 and was throwins the javelin around 200 feet while in the service, anc Chuck McDougall, 1942 letterman, are back. Stan Barnes, who ran the 880 in a little under two minutes in 1944, and Elroy Chinn, a 21-foot broad jump er, are squad members this year. who Three graduates starred on the championship 1945 team are eligible: Hubie Clark, quarter miler, Ken Shauer, 440 and 880 man, and Don Tillman, weights. Shauer holds the school record of 49.4s in the 440, and ran the 880 in 1945 in Im 59.2s. Tillman established new Tech records in 1945 with marks of 47 feet 3 inches in the shot and 142 feet 3 inches in the discus. ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY 아이 Student trainee at Westinghouse Electric Corporation. as Westinghouse select through the Placement Service for further training in factory, laboratory, and classroom. Page 2 ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Monthly Vol. X, No. 1 January, 1947 Placement By JAMES R. BRADBURN ASSISTANCE in the job tinding and jub better- ment for the the individual, and in new person- nel selection for the employer, is afforded to a more beneficial degree than commonly believed, by the Alumni Placement Service of the California In- stitute of Technology. The objective of the Alumni Placement Service, like that of any properly qualified technical employ- ment agency, is to assist both graduate and employer alike. The Service is fulfilling its real responsibility of making sure that as sible the right person brought into contact with the right job for that person. The subject of proper engineering personnel is important to the individual and the employer. A large share of an individual's waking hours is spent at his job. He can be most happy on that job which most closely fits his needs and for which his ex- CORRECTION Through a proof-reader's error, one sentence of John Mills' THE INDUSTRIAL SCIENTIST AS CITIZEN in the December 1946 issue, starting with the fourth line, first column, page 11, read: "He will damn a communist, and unjustly, for following his 'party line'". This sentence did not follow Mr. Mills' manuscript, which read: "He will damn a communist, and justly, for following his 'party line'. ". For this typographical error the editorial staff makes due apolo- A good employment record is one of the most valuable assets that a man can have. It is an asset which should improve with time. Its improvement comes not only from good work on particular jobs or during particular periods of time, but also from the ability to list consecutively more important positions. The listing of too many positions with different companies, or positions of too short duration with one company, is usually a liability. It indicates a lack of persistence on the part of the individual. Such indications are one of the first things a prospective employer looks for in considering an applicant. JANUARY, 1947 Proper job betterment, therefore, is a move which should approached carefully, with the idea in one's employment record. The assistance to those who believe a change in jobs would be of bene-fit. This assistance first takes the form of counsel, when requested, and later that of actually referring the individual to jobs for which he is qualified On the other side of the picture is the employer who realizes the need engineering positions and is a hard time to find through various He is frequently defeated by his own ineptitude —by in- and improperly describing the job he desires to have filled and the quali fications of the man to fill it. Numerous are the employers who come to the Alumni Placement Service with the vague information that they need a "salesman" or "an electrical engineer," without definitely stating what kind of a salesman or engineer la job The Service a reader one are, more efficiently, and employers better satisfied, if complete job descriptions were furnished with each job order. Both the job seeker and the employer can assist the Service by keeping that office currently posted on the outcome of interviews resulting from referrals by the Service. If the referral does not result in a job, it would be helpful to the Service to know why, both from the job seeker and from the employer. Such information can be of assistance in correcting Page 3 the concept the Service has of the individual's quali-ications and desires, and of the job that is to be filled In addition, the Service by all means should be in formed promptly if the assistance of the Service is no longer needed by the individual, or if a job order should be cancelled. In expanding times, such as the present, proper placement is of increased importance. This is particularly true with the small company that cannot afford to carry a large force of trainees with the purpose in mind of selecting a few for the higher positions. A small company cannot expand from within to the same extent as a large one, and must therefore depend upon proper selection and placement of individuals hired. Moreover, the small company frequently can only use those who are properly qualified and does not have the opportunity to place in other positions within the company those individuals improperly placed originally. It might be well at this point to explain briefly how the Alumni Placement Service at the California Institute of Technology operates. This Service re- ceives from various employers requests for personnel to fill certain positions which are open at the time. These positions are described as completely as pos-sible, although frequently the descriptions are very inadequate and much improvement can be made in this respect. In a like manner, the Placement Service receives from those who have attended the Institute of who are about to receive a degree requests for assistance in finding suitable positions. These requests are made on detailed forms which list completely the back- ground and experience of the individual and the nature of the position, including the salary range. With information from employer and would-be employee, the Director of Placements is in a position to consider the referral of individuals to those job orders for which there is a coincidence of the job order, the man's qualifications, and his desires. In such circumstances, the Director of Placements not only considers the written information furnished him, but also evaluates additional personal information concerning the individual, gained by him or various faculty members during that individual's term at school. The referral of indivduals does not always await receipt of a formal job order from a possible em-loyer. The Director of Placements may frequentl now of possible openings for experienced individual and make arrangements for such referrals by getting in contact with various employers who he thinks might be interested. In order to help defray the cost of the Alumni Placement Service, it is customary for those eftecting lacement though its assistance to pay to the Service an amount equal to 10 per cent of the first month's salary received. It is interesting to note to what lengths the Alumni Placement Service has gone in recent years in order to assure the proper placement of Tech graduates. A report covering the placement activities from July 1, 1945 to July 1, 1946 has recently been issued by Dr. D. S. Clark, Director of Placements, which brings out many interesting statistics and facts. The report opens by showing how the complexion Page 4 of placement activities has changed since 1945, particularly as a result of the war, with its effect on college operations and the limitation on individuals in changing jobs within industry. During the war period, the report points out, no difficulty was ex- perienced in securing employment for civilians who were not susceptible to draft. The main problem was that of ferreting out available men for industrial firms. As would be expected, the number of men reg istered for job betterment, or who were unemployed, decreased each year, to a minimum in the year 1944- 1945. This is shown in the following table: Betterment Unemployed Total 41-42 331 143 42-43 No record Compiled 43-44 44-45 45-46 142 133 235 33 12 142 474 175 145 377 During the last year, approximately 49 per cent of the applicants for job placement were veterans. Of the 377 noted above as registered for placement, referrals were given to 76 per cent. A total of some 784 referrals were made on these men, or an average of a little less than three per man. It was not possible to make referrals for all of the individuals seeking placement because of the non-coincidence between the jobs sought and the job orders received. In spite of the large number of referrals, only a total of 51 men were placed during the year. Per-centage-wise, this is 14 per cent of all the applicants requesting positions from the Placement Office, or 18 per cent of all the men referred to positions. In commenting on these percentages, the report points out that the individuals involved were not depending upon the Placement Office as the sole source of job referrals. Through their own efforts many secured employment and consequently did not remain in an unemployed status very long. At the present time, the Placement Service is handling the largest number of requests ever received, averaging around 60 per month. Many have been for men without experience and have come primarily from the larger companies, seeking recent college graduates as trainees. However, the majority of the requests are still for men with experience. Because of the non-coincidence of job requests and job orders, no men could be found to satisfy the job requirements of 328 of the job orders. As of June 30, 1946, there were 259 job orders on file with the Placement Service, requesting the services of 515 men, and very large number of these positions were for men with experience. Some difficulty has been encountered because the salary scale offered was frequently lower than that requested by the applicants. The Placement Service could very easily increase the number of referrals if it were not for the policy it has established of referring only men who appear to have the qualifications specified by the company requesting applicants. This policy, it is believed, is to the best interest of all concerned. How well it works in actual practice depends upon how accurate and detailed is the information furnished the Placement Service by the applicant and the employer alike. ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY The Uses of Radar in the Weather Service By PATRICK J. HARNEY HIS article briefly introduces to the non-speci-alist reader the uses of radar now made possible in a weather service. Detailed descriptions of the several different phases of activity are to be found in more technical papers. Herein the use of microwave radar, i.e. sets operating on wave lengths of less than a meter, is assumed. In general, three phases of radar performance interest to a meteorologist. The first, which is the most prominent in the mind of the forecaster, is the ability to furnish information on the velocity of winds aloft in all kinds of weather. The second is the ability to distingush heavy precipitation areas aloft. The third attribute, about which there are many ei-roneous impressions, is referred to as the effect of the atmosphere on the propagation of electro-magnetic aves. As might be expected, it is the abnormal prop gation effects caused by special weather condition that are of most interest; hence that term is used to describe that phase. Other phases of the performance of radar will be of use in the future, but insufficient information for publication is available at this time. flector can be used. To save time in this case a 60-gram balloon is desirable. As compared with the old pilot balloon triangulation measurements, a high order of accuracy is available in radar because the distance to the target is determined by the set. The computation of horizontal distance involves no assumptions regarding the rate of of the balloon. Here, the accuracy obtained will depend upon the type of equipment used, the effectiveness of its operation and the wind velocity. Operators as a team can produce, with comparatively simple equipment, results that can only e vicese ded by the move explaive au, one ictacking The more powerful the set, the better the target and its presentation and the closer it is, the Probable figures computed for a high-performance set are tabulated as follows:" Speed (mph) Max. Direction Error in Degrees 60,000 These figures do not include a margin for operator's errors. It is probable that this accuracy would not be achieved at the start of a wind-finding program, but it would be possible to achieve higher accuracies; were automatic tracking and computing machinery economically feasible. According to the table given above, a balloon ascending at a rate of 1000 feet per minute, with a radial wind speed of 10 miles per hour, at 30,000 feet could be observed to about two miles per hour and a small fraction of a degree in its velocity vector. A run to 20,000 feet with a radial wind of 100 miles per hour would have errors of about four miles per hour Range Max. at 10 at 30 at 50 at 100 Yards Error mph mph mph mph 20,000 2½ 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.7 40.000 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.4 50,000 4 0.4 0.6 0.9 2.0 4 0.6 0.8 1.2 2.7 The tracking radar sets. Such sets, as well as others which can determine elevation, can follow a so-called corner re- flector, made up of three intersecting planes of conducting material, each of say one square yard in area. They may be followed to the limit of the radar set's range on a comparable target such as an airplane. Improved performance may be secured by using smaller reflectors of better return which will allow a balloon of the same size to ascend more rapidly and reach higher levels. Oddly enough, a suitable train added to a balloon may cut down the drag and make the balloon appear to rise faster, because of the streamlining of the airflow. Three men using a set arranged for convenient operation can make and work up a run to 30,000 feet in about half an hour. Where so-called automatic racking is built into the radar set the crew can be reduced and one-man runs are feasible under certain conditions. If winds to a lower elevation suffice, a 30-gram-sized balloon with a special light-weight re- The term RAWIN has been designated by the services to define information secured about winds aloft by electronic This covers the use of radar and balloon-borne tar- get described in this article and also the method which uses a balloon-borne transmitter with or without radiosonde, an instrument transmitting meteorological information by radio, together with an RDF (radio direction finding) ground. Sometimes the first level of a RAWiset on the taken from an optical measurement of the balloon by theodolite (a PIBAL) because the radar or the RDF sets in use have a limiting minimum distance or height at which they can operate. JANUARY, 1947 STORM DETECTION The ability of micro-wave radar to detect precipita ion areas is believed to be due mainly to the reflec tive properties of water droplets and snow flakes. Limiting this ability is the fact that only the greater water concentrations cause observable reflections with present sets. This precludes the observation of stratus, ordinary fair-weather cumulus and cirriform clouds: hence it is a misnomer to say that the set "sees" clouds. Only clouds "laden with moisture," as the aying goes, appear or the observing screen or cope of the receiver. But the moisture seen by it: cho is associated with convective activity, usuall esulting in precipitation. This makes radar an excel lent tool for local forecasting, since thunderstorms From a nomogram devised by Captain George E. Austin, Page 9 and heavy showers are easily tracked and warm-front precipitation (warm-front action refers to over-run- ning of one air mass by another) often can also be observed. It is easy to see that local-weather short-term fore- casting for precipitation takes on an entirely different aspect, if a glance at the 'scope in his office shows the forecaster even a limited local distribution of pre-cipitation. The telephone weather service can be so improved thereby that from the user's standpoint the other aids to forecasting are academic when a person is only interested in the question of rain in the next hour or two. The maximum distance from which precipitation areas return a signal is the factor that determines the effective use of radar for such a purpose. At the very high frequencies used in radar, propagation is line-of-sight to a slightly greater distance than light rays, because of greater refraction in the atmosphere. of abnormal refraction, is considerably increased. The higher the location the set and the higher the water-laden droplets in the tops of the clouds, the greater the range will be. The power and sensitivity of the set as well as the height of the location impose limits. Raising the height of the set may, in fact, have a disadvantage, since the additional ground targets "clutter-up" the screen and obscure low lying close-in echoes. A typical installation on an airplane hangar roof, where the scope can be conveniently located in a second-floor office, can cover an area of more than 75 miles in radius. This depends upon the power of the equip-ment, for the most powerful sets do observe severe storms to a range of about 200 miles. The choice of a suitable site depends upon economic as well as geographical considerations. If a radar installation becomes practical on a city weather station building, such an office can handle the important forecasting of local precipitation, removing a load from an airport forecast station. The building chosen need not be the highest one; it is enough that it be free from too many local obstructions to the view of the horizon. The Empire State Building, for instance, first suggests itself as a site, but other tall buildings hardly considered in the skyscraper class in New York City would serve satisfactorily in that location. One observed factor is that precipitation echoes attenuate signals from objects behind them at a greater range, as well as obscuring echoes within the clouds. It is possible, therefore, that echoes from RAWIN reflectors may be lost in storm clouds. The amount of time in which this happens with skilled operators nd adequate equipment is, however, a small percen the time covered by a given storm. Radi lirection-finding sets following airborne transmitters such as the combined RAWIN and radiosondes (Ra winsonde), do not "see" precipitation echoes and so are not bothered by them. It may be said that the same principles can be applied to the development of This is essentially a short-range device for storm detection, as far as the meteorologist is concerned. It is not to be confused with the long-range location of the source of atmospheric static, given the name "Sferics" by a network of RDF stations. ABNORMAL PROPAGATION EFFECTS Much misinformation about the effects of the atmosphere on propagation of electric waves has been Page 10 widespread. This will only be corrected by the dissemination of the information on the subject gained during the war, when it was a subject of intensive study. Such information is of importance to televisior and communication as well as radar. It so happens that radar development sponsored much of the research in micro-structure of the atmosphere. Briefly, as mentioned above, the earth's atmosphere refracts the radio or radar electromagnetic waves jus as it effects the transmission of light and sound. The vertical distribution of density of the overlying atmosphere changes with the weather, and as a result the coverage of a given set varies from day to day. However, when the gradients become extreme, the energy acts as though it were reflected from such layers and the results are long ranges. The analogue is also used to say that the energy is "trapped" by "super-refraction, " but the result is still called "ano- malous propagation." It has been suggested that by studying the pro- pagation of radio waves in the atmosphere, informa- can be gained about the thermal and moisture distribution aloft. For instance, the use of reflections from discontinuities in temperature and humidity aloft, as discussed in pre-war meteorological and radio journals, seemed an attractive possibility, but until a better understanding of the quasi-optical physics involved is reached, no new information on the at- mosphere can be gained in this way. Also in the past, empirical attempts to relate positions of Highs and Lows with radio-signal strengths met with some suc-cess. Such pressure gradients have no effect on microwave propagation. Work in this field has been a boon to meteorol. ogy in one respect, since it has really developed the science of micro-structure of the atmosphere. This is of perhaps greater interest and importance in the other research fields of meteorology and oceano-graphy. In regard to the atmospheric effects on radio-wave propagation, the position of the meteorologist is not an enviable one. His field of activity, the atmosphere can now be held responsible for "anomalous" propa- gation, which allows radio signals to come from or appear in unexpected places. The result may be an interference with, or an interruption in, the communi-cation, broadcast, television services being proposed, as well as in radar. Under certain conditions this phenomenon can be taken advantage of to extend the range of present sets. Now these effects in our troposphere can be likened to the reflections from the Kennelly-Heaviside Layer in the ionosphere of which the radio engineer is cognizant. But here the radio engineer not only asks the forecaster what the state of the atmosphere will be, but further inquires what will be the effect on propagation. All this is a challenge to the meteorologist, but one which he can make the most of only when he has the radar set at his disposal. 3 See Friend, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. 22(2) :53-60, 1941. The 4 A.M.S. Bulletin March 1946: p. 114. the opportunity to obtain the information used in this article. ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE PUBLISHED BY CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ALUMNI ASSOCIATION Hollywood Wholesale Electric Co. Distributors of Electrical Supplies and Appliances "The Mark of Dependability" Phone HOllywood 7221 6820 Romaine Street Hollywood 38 Pacific Manufacturing Co. 1918 East Colorado Street :: Pasadena 8, Calif SYcamore 6-8579 PATENT DEVELOPMENT SPECIAL INSTRUMENTATION L. FAIBISH H. M. LIGHTBURN TECHNICAL DESIGN COORDINATOR CO. Compler Mechanical E Erical ye Suric Automotive STate 4.4905 ANgelus 0580 Life Insurance Annuities LYLE H. CHENEY New York Life Insurance Compan Yan 1-619 Y camore 2-71 Securia 1, Cit VROMAN'S Sy: 3-1171 Ry: 1-6669 Books & Stationery Office Equipment 469 E. Colorado St. 1271 E. Colorado St. SMITH-EMERY COMPANY Since 1910 Chemical and Physical Testing Laboratories 920 Santee Street Los Angeles 15, California Braun Corporation is serving many industries in many ways for many years. A few examples . . . PETROLEUM Braun-Shell Sulphur Determin- RUBBER METALLURGICAL Bacon, freimp ating and Flusometers MINING ANI REFININC Models of molecular structur Flasswar leagent: Braun our are crushers raun pulverizer raun Calmix cupel BRAUN CORPORATION 2260 EAST 15TH ST., LOS ANGELES, CALIF., U.S.A. on Francisco, Califor Seattle, Washingto AUN-KNECHT-HEIMANN-C CIENTIFIC SUPPLIES C SPECIAL TOOLS AND MACHINERY CO. 4625 Pacific Boulevard, Los Angeles KImball 3246 - 3247 PAUL F. VOKAL Owner Manager Since 1924 secial Tools an ESSICK В АСИНО A Quarter Century of Leadership Ist In the manufacture of: Plaster Mixers All Steel Concrete Mixers Two-Man Suction Dredges Steel-Frame Contractors Hoists Leaders In the manufacture of: Evaporative Air Coolers Road Rollers Air-Power Weed Spraying Equipment Portable Paint Spraying Equipment Self-Priming Pumps ESSICK MANUFACTURING CO. TUcker 5144 1950 Santa Fe Ave. Los Angeles 21 BY-LINES JAMES R. BRADBURN James R. Brad- burn distinguished himself as a Tech undergraduate by winning an honor key for activities on the track team and in almost all student organiza- tions, and by also making Tau Beta Pi. He received his 3. S. in electrical engineering in 1932, then spent two years at the Harvard School of Business Administration where he obtained the M. B. A. degree. Mr. Brad- burn worked for several years the for General Electric Company for Eastman Kodak. In the and Army for five years, he reached the rank of major, and the position of chief of the Artillery Division, Rochester Ord- nance District. November 1945 saw him with the Consolidated Engineering Corporation of Pasadena as vice president and director. He is now in charge of Consolidated's commercial engineering department. ... PATRICK J. HARNEY Patrick J. Har-who received his M. S. in meteorology from the Institute in 1935, preceded this by studies at Clarkson College, New York and work for Airlines. United After ob- taining his degree, Mr. Harney work- ed for Western Air Express Airlines), and the (now United States Weather Bureau. For a time he was on the civilian staff of the Army Aircraft Radio Laboratory at Wright Field, landed in Panama with the first radar-equipped squadron, returned to the Pentagon building, and escaped to the Air Force again by in-luction. First assigned to the Radia-ion Laboratory, Mr. Harney was assigned for the year Thunderstorm Project, which does field work in Florida and research in Chicago. COVER CAPTION The Marguerite, Goelet Cup Race, August 7, 1891. JANUARY, 1947 ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Monthly The Truth Shall Make You Free CONTENTS FOR JANUARY, 1947 Placement By J. R. Bradburn Seventy-Three Years of Photography The Uses of Radar in the Weather Service By Patrick J. Harney Graham Allan Laing By Roger Stanton C. I. T. News Alumni News 3 5 9 . 11 .... 12 13 ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY Published at the California Institute of Technology EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD: Hugh Colvin, '36, Chairman; J. E. Wallace Sterling, Professor of History and Government, Richard H. Jahns, '35, Associate Professor of Geology; Langdon Hedrick, President of the Associated Student Body. Editorial Consultant: George R. MacMinn, Professor of English STAFF: Editor-in-Chief Hugh F. Colvin, '36 Business Manager-Wesley P. Bunnelle Managing Editor Wesley P. Bunnelle Circulation Manager W. D. Sellers, '25 Associate Editor Bradford Parker without written authorization. Page 1 아이 Student trainee at Westinghouse Electric Corporation. as Westinghouse select through the Placement Service for further training in factory, laboratory, and classroom. Page 2 ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Monthly Vol. X, No. 1 January, 1947 Placement By JAMES R. BRADBURN ASSISTANCE in the job tinding and jub better- ment for the the individual, and in new person- nel selection for the employer, is afforded to a more beneficial degree than commonly believed, by the Alumni Placement Service of the California In- stitute of Technology. The objective of the Alumni Placement Service, like that of any properly qualified technical employ- ment agency, is to assist both graduate and employer alike. The Service is fulfilling its real responsibility of making sure that as sible the right person brought into contact with the right job for that person. The subject of proper engineering personnel is important to the individual and the employer. A large share of an individual's waking hours is spent at his job. He can be most happy on that job which most closely fits his needs and for which his ex- CORRECTION Through a proof-reader's error, one sentence of John Mills' THE INDUSTRIAL SCIENTIST AS CITIZEN in the December 1946 issue, starting with the fourth line, first column, page 11, read: "He will damn a communist, and unjustly, for following his 'party line'". This sentence did not follow Mr. Mills' manuscript, which read: "He will damn a communist, and justly, for following his 'party line'. ". For this typographical error the editorial staff makes due apolo- A good employment record is one of the most valuable assets that a man can have. It is an asset which should improve with time. Its improvement comes not only from good work on particular jobs or during particular periods of time, but also from the ability to list consecutively more important positions. The listing of too many positions with different companies, or positions of too short duration with one company, is usually a liability. It indicates a lack of persistence on the part of the individual. Such indications are one of the first things a prospective employer looks for in considering an applicant. JANUARY, 1947 Proper job betterment, therefore, is a move which should approached carefully, with the idea in one's employment record. The assistance to those who believe a change in jobs would be of bene-fit. This assistance first takes the form of counsel, when requested, and later that of actually referring the individual to jobs for which he is qualified On the other side of the picture is the employer who realizes the need engineering positions and is a hard time to find through various He is frequently defeated by his own ineptitude —by in- and improperly describing the job he desires to have filled and the quali fications of the man to fill it. Numerous are the employers who come to the Alumni Placement Service with the vague information that they need a "salesman" or "an electrical engineer," without definitely stating what kind of a salesman or engineer la job The Service a reader one are, more efficiently, and employers better satisfied, if complete job descriptions were furnished with each job order. Both the job seeker and the employer can assist the Service by keeping that office currently posted on the outcome of interviews resulting from referrals by the Service. If the referral does not result in a job, it would be helpful to the Service to know why, both from the job seeker and from the employer. Such information can be of assistance in correcting Page 3 the concept the Service has of the individual's quali-ications and desires, and of the job that is to be filled In addition, the Service by all means should be in formed promptly if the assistance of the Service is no longer needed by the individual, or if a job order should be cancelled. In expanding times, such as the present, proper placement is of increased importance. This is particularly true with the small company that cannot afford to carry a large force of trainees with the purpose in mind of selecting a few for the higher positions. A small company cannot expand from within to the same extent as a large one, and must therefore depend upon proper selection and placement of individuals hired. Moreover, the small company frequently can only use those who are properly qualified and does not have the opportunity to place in other positions within the company those individuals improperly placed originally. It might be well at this point to explain briefly how the Alumni Placement Service at the California Institute of Technology operates. This Service re- ceives from various employers requests for personnel to fill certain positions which are open at the time. These positions are described as completely as pos-sible, although frequently the descriptions are very inadequate and much improvement can be made in this respect. In a like manner, the Placement Service receives from those who have attended the Institute of who are about to receive a degree requests for assistance in finding suitable positions. These requests are made on detailed forms which list completely the back- ground and experience of the individual and the nature of the position, including the salary range. With information from employer and would-be employee, the Director of Placements is in a position to consider the referral of individuals to those job orders for which there is a coincidence of the job order, the man's qualifications, and his desires. In such circumstances, the Director of Placements not only considers the written information furnished him, but also evaluates additional personal information concerning the individual, gained by him or various faculty members during that individual's term at school. The referral of indivduals does not always await receipt of a formal job order from a possible em-loyer. The Director of Placements may frequentl now of possible openings for experienced individual and make arrangements for such referrals by getting in contact with various employers who he thinks might be interested. In order to help defray the cost of the Alumni Placement Service, it is customary for those eftecting lacement though its assistance to pay to the Service an amount equal to 10 per cent of the first month's salary received. It is interesting to note to what lengths the Alumni Placement Service has gone in recent years in order to assure the proper placement of Tech graduates. A report covering the placement activities from July 1, 1945 to July 1, 1946 has recently been issued by Dr. D. S. Clark, Director of Placements, which brings out many interesting statistics and facts. The report opens by showing how the complexion Page 4 of placement activities has changed since 1945, particularly as a result of the war, with its effect on college operations and the limitation on individuals in changing jobs within industry. During the war period, the report points out, no difficulty was ex- perienced in securing employment for civilians who were not susceptible to draft. The main problem was that of ferreting out available men for industrial firms. As would be expected, the number of men reg istered for job betterment, or who were unemployed, decreased each year, to a minimum in the year 1944- 1945. This is shown in the following table: Betterment Unemployed Total 41-42 331 143 42-43 No record Compiled 43-44 44-45 45-46 142 133 235 33 12 142 474 175 145 377 During the last year, approximately 49 per cent of the applicants for job placement were veterans. Of the 377 noted above as registered for placement, referrals were given to 76 per cent. A total of some 784 referrals were made on these men, or an average of a little less than three per man. It was not possible to make referrals for all of the individuals seeking placement because of the non-coincidence between the jobs sought and the job orders received. In spite of the large number of referrals, only a total of 51 men were placed during the year. Per-centage-wise, this is 14 per cent of all the applicants requesting positions from the Placement Office, or 18 per cent of all the men referred to positions. In commenting on these percentages, the report points out that the individuals involved were not depending upon the Placement Office as the sole source of job referrals. Through their own efforts many secured employment and consequently did not remain in an unemployed status very long. At the present time, the Placement Service is handling the largest number of requests ever received, averaging around 60 per month. Many have been for men without experience and have come primarily from the larger companies, seeking recent college graduates as trainees. However, the majority of the requests are still for men with experience. Because of the non-coincidence of job requests and job orders, no men could be found to satisfy the job requirements of 328 of the job orders. As of June 30, 1946, there were 259 job orders on file with the Placement Service, requesting the services of 515 men, and very large number of these positions were for men with experience. Some difficulty has been encountered because the salary scale offered was frequently lower than that requested by the applicants. The Placement Service could very easily increase the number of referrals if it were not for the policy it has established of referring only men who appear to have the qualifications specified by the company requesting applicants. This policy, it is believed, is to the best interest of all concerned. How well it works in actual practice depends upon how accurate and detailed is the information furnished the Placement Service by the applicant and the employer alike. ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY The Quickstep Seventy-Three Years of Photography TARTING his photographic career in 1875 ment, Henry G. Peabody, who now lives in Glendora, California, has shown in the 71 years that have followed, that technique is of greater importance than equipment. Most of the photographs reproduced in this article were taken with a home-made 8 x 10 inch box camera, 50 years ago, and show a degree of photographic artistry that will stand up to today's achieve. ments. The techniques used by Mr. Peabody in his pioneering days, as well as his experiences as an early camera man, are of interest in a day of one thou sandth second shutter speeds, f/1.9 lenses, and film peeds with a Weston rating of 200. Today, at 91 Mr. Peabody is making prints of salon quality in hi. Glendora darkroom, and commuting to Pasadena twice a week in order to work with much of his equipment stored in this city. As this is written, early in 1947, Mr. Peabody is waiting for enough snow to fall on Mount San Antonio, framed by two JANUARY, 1947 closer peaks as it is seen from his home, to take a Southern California winter scene. The prints of sailing craft illustrating this article are reproductions of those given to the California Institute of Technology by Mr. Peabody in the fall of 1946. Mr. Peabody, who graduated from Dartmouth in 1876, started experimenting with photography as a student. It was still an avocation when he entered Massachusetts Institute of Technology to take courses in electrical engineering with the class of 1878, of which he is now the sole surviving member. After a year he took a job in Chicago with the Westerr Electric Company. While there he made photographs in his spare time, even going into partnership with another pioneer, Hesler, who took interiors while Peabody photographed landscapes and architectural detail. All of this was done with wet collodion plates, which had to be sensitized just before being used, exposed for what seems today an interminable Page 5 length of time, usually from five to 10 seconds, and then developed immediately. It was still 1878 when Peabody's partner received a letter from a friend named Carbutt, disclosing that he was working on a dry plate emulsion and had arrived at a workable coating, but was in poor shape financially. Hesler thought the matter over and then sent about $25 to Carbutt in exchange for some 5 x 8 inch plates. The Pullman Company had just ordered some interior pictures taken of its new cars by the firm of Peabody and Hesler. The dry plates seemed a light burden to carry through the car yards. Wet collodion plates used by all photo- graphers at that time would have required either a speedy messenger to rush the newly prepared plates to the Pullman Company and back to the firm's dark-room, or a wagon to carry a portable darkroom to the scene to be photographed. Peabody tried the new plates. The results were excellent. This, he believes, was the first time that a commercial picture was taken on a dry plate in this country. The new emulsion, besides being much handier, fireath of the previous time required bicame stan- speed of f/16, Peabody used shutter speeds as high as one and this 10 years before Eastman popularized photo-low-priced cameras and today, Brownie-type cameras have of only one twenty-fifth of a second. Among other commissions that Peabody carried out in Chicago were many catalogue illustrations for the Western Electric Company. Although the wood block was the only type of engraving then in use, Henry G. Peabody it was adapted to photographic reproduction by sensitizing blocks of wood, making prints on them, anc then using the reproduction as a pattern. The carving was electrotyped and used to make the printing impressions. Half-tones soon improved the photo reproduction process, coming in near the end of the eighties replacing other methods of re production by the middle nineties. Leaving Western Electric and returning to Boston after eight years in Chicago and New York, Peabody found himself in the midst of the depression of '85. Electrical engineers were in small demand, and two years later, when the expanding industry offered many new jobs, he had immersed himself so com- pletely in photographic work that he never left it. As a young photographer in 1885, Peabody joined the Corinthian Yacht Club in Marblehead, Massa-chusetts, and later the Atlantic Yacht Club of New York. For recreation while he was serving as the official photographer of the Boston and Maine Rail- LEFT: This photograph of the nine inch Equatorial Tele-scop collodian plath oll we was de en a ayris, gone wet collodion plate. from drying and crystallizing during the long exposure an interval between the coating and developing of the plate ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY Shamrock II crossing the finish line two seconds ahead of Columbia in an America Cup race, October 4, 1901. Columbia won this race, however, on time allowance. The Sandy Hook lightship is in the left background. road, he photographed the yachts of members. Given a private car to use as darkroom and living quarters, pictures of the Boston and and later worked under a similar ar- rangement with the Great Northern road when it its line to the Pacific Coast through the Rocky Mountains and the Cascades to Puget Sound. It was on this commission that he first used filters, employing some of yellow-tinted glass made by Car-butt, which were very similar to the K-2 Wratten Between trips to photograph railroad scenery, Pea- body continued his work with yachts. Six defences of the America Cup between 1887 and 1903 gave him opportunities to photograph the finest sailing craft of that era. Besides the Cup races, the Newport trial runs and the Astor Cup events, the annual New York Yacht Club cruises around Cape Cod to Marblehead gave him ample opportunities to get pictures of ships under many conditions. the America Cup races were patrolled by the Navy, and Peabody usually worked from the judges boat, an oceangoing tug, or the Sandy Hook light- JANUARY, 1947 ship. This craft marked the start and finish of the races, and thus provided a better the photographer than did the crowded judges' tug. Although he usually took pictures solely for his own collection, Peabody Globe creden- tials which got him on patrolled the press tug when an un- race would permit approaching the com- peting ships. Much of this work was done with a rapid retilinear double combination lens, later replaced by a single anastigmatic lens. Peabody's first shutters were made in his own shop, but later, American photographers became so numerous as to permit a New York mechanic named Prosch to devote his full time to their manufacture. The Prosch shutters, designed to work between two lens elements, had three spiral springs of different tensions which gave speeds ranging to one two-hundredth of a second. Peabody used one of these shutters with a single anastigmatic lens, with the shutter in front of the This arrangement protected the lens from flying spray, an important advantage when photographing being done close to the water. In the nineties Peabody was even able to make successful exposures in the Page 7 The camera he used in most of this work was a home-made box, about one foot square, with hand holds in front and a finder on the top. This took an 8 x 10 inch plate holder. The shutter release was extended to one of the hand holds. In use this camera was steadied against the photographer's chest while the exposure was made. Even atter it was no longer necessary for a photographer to carry a portable darkroom, the burden ot the man who planned to take pictures outside his own front yard was not light. pods, and plate holders of rather solid wood, and all scaled to an 8 x 10 inch size, Peabody usually Fortunatel the railroads connected with the ired a cab to transport his equacks in New York where he did many of his photographic studies of racing yachts. Jsually he carried 12 double 8 x 10 inch plate holders. Many of Peabody's type photographs of contemporary sailing craft were made from his own 21 foot catboat, a steady keel-boat which he sailed single-handed, making photographs at the same time. These pictures represented the best yachts of recog nized types. Peabody compiled two sections, depicting sloops and schooners, of a projected volume, Representative American Yachts. Showing his work, he sold subscriptions on the volume, then completed it and printed about 200 copies of the book. This subscription list, containing the names of J. Pierpont Page 8 LEFT: Columbia running for the line in an America Cup race, October 17, 1899. Morgan, James Gordon Bennett, August Belmont, and other notables of that period, is now a valuable collection of signatures. Representative American Yachts was illustrated by take ink in proportion to its density. emulsion was stripped from its plate, treated, this attached to a second plate of heavier glass. method produced an excellent reproduction when printed on a hand press, but was limited as to the quantity of prints. Somewhat less than 1000 reproductions was the maximum number obtainable. In 1898 Peabody went to work for the Detroit Photographic Company, and traveled for 10 years, taking pictures, chiefly views and street scenes in the large cities, national parks, and abroad. An observation made by Mr. Peabody was that while carriage wheels could be stopped by the shutter speeds then in use, the hoofs of the horses pulling them were always a little blurred on the film. One of Peabody's photographic ventures of the early nineties was the 'Squadron of Evolution, new steel Navy. He photographed these ships as they were built, until the process was speeded up to the point where he could not get around to the shipyards in time to cover them all. One print of the Squadron was made in 1893, shortly atter the picture was taken, on albumen paper, the best obtainable at This German-made printing paper ha • be sensitized before being used, and then expose on the same day. The paper was carefully floated in a silver nitrate solution so that only the coated side was wet. After two minutes of this, the 18 × 22 inch sheets were hung to dry in the dark. Then they were suspended for 10 minutes in ammonia fumes. One print of the Squadron has been hanging on various walls for over 50 years without showing any signs of fading. Its contrast is about equal to number two paper today, which is termed "normal." Early photographers varied the contrast of paper prepared in this manner by changing the concentration of silver nitrate in the sensitizing bath. Peabody spent the winters of 1898 and 1899 in Mexico, photographing Spanish Colonial architecture for Sylvester Baxter, in company with Bertram Good-hue the architect. A text, 24 volumes in size, of photographs of Mexican architecture of the Colonial period which was being ravaged by time, weather, and tourists, was produced. This may be found in the offices of many architects who have had available the price of $350 for a set. Stopping in Southern California on his return from the second winter in Mexico, Peabody was so impressed with this region that he never spent another winter in New England. After finishing his documentary work for the Detroit Photographic Company in 1910, he returned to the East only twice. (Continued on page 12) ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY The Uses of Radar in the Weather Service By PATRICK J. HARNEY HIS article briefly introduces to the non-speci-alist reader the uses of radar now made possible in a weather service. Detailed descriptions of the several different phases of activity are to be found in more technical papers. Herein the use of microwave radar, i.e. sets operating on wave lengths of less than a meter, is assumed. In general, three phases of radar performance interest to a meteorologist. The first, which is the most prominent in the mind of the forecaster, is the ability to furnish information on the velocity of winds aloft in all kinds of weather. The second is the ability to distingush heavy precipitation areas aloft. The third attribute, about which there are many ei-roneous impressions, is referred to as the effect of the atmosphere on the propagation of electro-magnetic aves. As might be expected, it is the abnormal prop gation effects caused by special weather condition that are of most interest; hence that term is used to describe that phase. Other phases of the performance of radar will be of use in the future, but insufficient information for publication is available at this time. flector can be used. To save time in this case a 60-gram balloon is desirable. As compared with the old pilot balloon triangulation measurements, a high order of accuracy is available in radar because the distance to the target is determined by the set. The computation of horizontal distance involves no assumptions regarding the rate of of the balloon. Here, the accuracy obtained will depend upon the type of equipment used, the effectiveness of its operation and the wind velocity. Operators as a team can produce, with comparatively simple equipment, results that can only e vicese ded by the move explaive au, one ictacking The more powerful the set, the better the target and its presentation and the closer it is, the Probable figures computed for a high-performance set are tabulated as follows:" Speed (mph) Max. Direction Error in Degrees 60,000 These figures do not include a margin for operator's errors. It is probable that this accuracy would not be achieved at the start of a wind-finding program, but it would be possible to achieve higher accuracies; were automatic tracking and computing machinery economically feasible. According to the table given above, a balloon ascending at a rate of 1000 feet per minute, with a radial wind speed of 10 miles per hour, at 30,000 feet could be observed to about two miles per hour and a small fraction of a degree in its velocity vector. A run to 20,000 feet with a radial wind of 100 miles per hour would have errors of about four miles per hour Range Max. at 10 at 30 at 50 at 100 Yards Error mph mph mph mph 20,000 2½ 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.7 40.000 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.4 50,000 4 0.4 0.6 0.9 2.0 4 0.6 0.8 1.2 2.7 The tracking radar sets. Such sets, as well as others which can determine elevation, can follow a so-called corner re- flector, made up of three intersecting planes of conducting material, each of say one square yard in area. They may be followed to the limit of the radar set's range on a comparable target such as an airplane. Improved performance may be secured by using smaller reflectors of better return which will allow a balloon of the same size to ascend more rapidly and reach higher levels. Oddly enough, a suitable train added to a balloon may cut down the drag and make the balloon appear to rise faster, because of the streamlining of the airflow. Three men using a set arranged for convenient operation can make and work up a run to 30,000 feet in about half an hour. Where so-called automatic racking is built into the radar set the crew can be reduced and one-man runs are feasible under certain conditions. If winds to a lower elevation suffice, a 30-gram-sized balloon with a special light-weight re- The term RAWIN has been designated by the services to define information secured about winds aloft by electronic This covers the use of radar and balloon-borne tar- get described in this article and also the method which uses a balloon-borne transmitter with or without radiosonde, an instrument transmitting meteorological information by radio, together with an RDF (radio direction finding) ground. Sometimes the first level of a RAWiset on the taken from an optical measurement of the balloon by theodolite (a PIBAL) because the radar or the RDF sets in use have a limiting minimum distance or height at which they can operate. JANUARY, 1947 STORM DETECTION The ability of micro-wave radar to detect precipita ion areas is believed to be due mainly to the reflec tive properties of water droplets and snow flakes. Limiting this ability is the fact that only the greater water concentrations cause observable reflections with present sets. This precludes the observation of stratus, ordinary fair-weather cumulus and cirriform clouds: hence it is a misnomer to say that the set "sees" clouds. Only clouds "laden with moisture," as the aying goes, appear or the observing screen or cope of the receiver. But the moisture seen by it: cho is associated with convective activity, usuall esulting in precipitation. This makes radar an excel lent tool for local forecasting, since thunderstorms From a nomogram devised by Captain George E. Austin, Page 9 and heavy showers are easily tracked and warm-front precipitation (warm-front action refers to over-run- ning of one air mass by another) often can also be observed. It is easy to see that local-weather short-term fore- casting for precipitation takes on an entirely different aspect, if a glance at the 'scope in his office shows the forecaster even a limited local distribution of pre-cipitation. The telephone weather service can be so improved thereby that from the user's standpoint the other aids to forecasting are academic when a person is only interested in the question of rain in the next hour or two. The maximum distance from which precipitation areas return a signal is the factor that determines the effective use of radar for such a purpose. At the very high frequencies used in radar, propagation is line-of-sight to a slightly greater distance than light rays, because of greater refraction in the atmosphere. of abnormal refraction, is considerably increased. The higher the location the set and the higher the water-laden droplets in the tops of the clouds, the greater the range will be. The power and sensitivity of the set as well as the height of the location impose limits. Raising the height of the set may, in fact, have a disadvantage, since the additional ground targets "clutter-up" the screen and obscure low lying close-in echoes. A typical installation on an airplane hangar roof, where the scope can be conveniently located in a second-floor office, can cover an area of more than 75 miles in radius. This depends upon the power of the equip-ment, for the most powerful sets do observe severe storms to a range of about 200 miles. The choice of a suitable site depends upon economic as well as geographical considerations. If a radar installation becomes practical on a city weather station building, such an office can handle the important forecasting of local precipitation, removing a load from an airport forecast station. The building chosen need not be the highest one; it is enough that it be free from too many local obstructions to the view of the horizon. The Empire State Building, for instance, first suggests itself as a site, but other tall buildings hardly considered in the skyscraper class in New York City would serve satisfactorily in that location. One observed factor is that precipitation echoes attenuate signals from objects behind them at a greater range, as well as obscuring echoes within the clouds. It is possible, therefore, that echoes from RAWIN reflectors may be lost in storm clouds. The amount of time in which this happens with skilled operators nd adequate equipment is, however, a small percen the time covered by a given storm. Radi lirection-finding sets following airborne transmitters such as the combined RAWIN and radiosondes (Ra winsonde), do not "see" precipitation echoes and so are not bothered by them. It may be said that the same principles can be applied to the development of This is essentially a short-range device for storm detection, as far as the meteorologist is concerned. It is not to be confused with the long-range location of the source of atmospheric static, given the name "Sferics" by a network of RDF stations. ABNORMAL PROPAGATION EFFECTS Much misinformation about the effects of the atmosphere on propagation of electric waves has been Page 10 widespread. This will only be corrected by the dissemination of the information on the subject gained during the war, when it was a subject of intensive study. Such information is of importance to televisior and communication as well as radar. It so happens that radar development sponsored much of the research in micro-structure of the atmosphere. Briefly, as mentioned above, the earth's atmosphere refracts the radio or radar electromagnetic waves jus as it effects the transmission of light and sound. The vertical distribution of density of the overlying atmosphere changes with the weather, and as a result the coverage of a given set varies from day to day. However, when the gradients become extreme, the energy acts as though it were reflected from such layers and the results are long ranges. The analogue is also used to say that the energy is "trapped" by "super-refraction, " but the result is still called "ano- malous propagation." It has been suggested that by studying the pro- pagation of radio waves in the atmosphere, informa- can be gained about the thermal and moisture distribution aloft. For instance, the use of reflections from discontinuities in temperature and humidity aloft, as discussed in pre-war meteorological and radio journals, seemed an attractive possibility, but until a better understanding of the quasi-optical physics involved is reached, no new information on the at- mosphere can be gained in this way. Also in the past, empirical attempts to relate positions of Highs and Lows with radio-signal strengths met with some suc-cess. Such pressure gradients have no effect on microwave propagation. Work in this field has been a boon to meteorol. ogy in one respect, since it has really developed the science of micro-structure of the atmosphere. This is of perhaps greater interest and importance in the other research fields of meteorology and oceano-graphy. In regard to the atmospheric effects on radio-wave propagation, the position of the meteorologist is not an enviable one. His field of activity, the atmosphere can now be held responsible for "anomalous" propa- gation, which allows radio signals to come from or appear in unexpected places. The result may be an interference with, or an interruption in, the communi-cation, broadcast, television services being proposed, as well as in radar. Under certain conditions this phenomenon can be taken advantage of to extend the range of present sets. Now these effects in our troposphere can be likened to the reflections from the Kennelly-Heaviside Layer in the ionosphere of which the radio engineer is cognizant. But here the radio engineer not only asks the forecaster what the state of the atmosphere will be, but further inquires what will be the effect on propagation. All this is a challenge to the meteorologist, but one which he can make the most of only when he has the radar set at his disposal. 3 See Friend, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. 22(2) :53-60, 1941. The 4 A.M.S. Bulletin March 1946: p. 114. the opportunity to obtain the information used in this article. ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY Born July 14, 1884 GRAHAM ALLAN LAING Professor of Economics, California Institute of Technology Died November 12, 1946 Social Hour at the home of Professor Graham Laing, after one of his Economics Seminars. A LUMNI who elected "Econ 45" in the senior year at the Institute will recall scenes similar to the one in the photograph. Annually, for almost 20 years, Professor Laing conducted his seminar at home one night a week throughout the term. Toward the end of the evening, Mrs. Laing always appeared with coffee and tea and a selection of cakes and sandwiches. Many hundreds of people in the communities between Santa Barbara and San Diego will recall Professor Laing's lectures delivered before various civic and educational groups. For many years also, in addition to his popular lectures, he taught courses for the Extension Division of the University of Cali-fornia, Berkeley, and for the American Bankers' In-stitute. Professor Laing was encyclopedic in his learning. JANUARY, 1947 At home both in science and letters, he exemplified the humanistic spirit. On the platform and in conver-sation, the play of his active mind was invariably stimulating, and his retentive memory seldom was at a loss to produce the apt quotation. The many who have listened to him will recall with pleasure, in ad- dition to the wisdom he proffered, the clear and witty delivery in rapid, incisive, Dundee-American Scots. Many who knew Professor Laing well will re- member most vividly perhaps the rich human qualities that made him the colorful personality he was. Few men have so relished humanity. With Terence he might have said, "I am a man; therefore I consider that nothing human is alien to me." A great capacity for fun accompanied an even greater one for sym- pathy and tolerance. In consequence, he was much Page 11 sought after, as much for his helpful counsel as for his whole-hearted laughter. Those who knew Professor Laing best will recall evenings of serious, though never solemn, conversa-tion; an inexhaustible supply of stories, limericks, and other light verse; and, occasionally an evening when he would sing, in a rich natural baritone, Scotch border ballads and other old songs. Among Professor Laing's closest friends a number reasure some gift from his wood shop; for next o the delight he took in his work as a skilled wood craftsman, he delighted to give it away. From 1942 through 1944, Professor Laing was project supervisor for one of the Institute's confidential defense activities. A heavy responsibility, it meant making and administering a total budget of several hundred thousand dollars. Though his health was precarious during the war, he did not become seriously ill until about a year ago. Mrs. Laing continues to live at the familiar, hos- pitable house on Pleasant Way. his article was prepared by Dr. Roger Stanton, assistan rofessor of English Language and Literature, California Ir stitute of Technology. Seventy-Three Years of Photography (Continued from page 8) Most of Peabody's later work was designed to be used in visual education. In the twenties and thirties he photographed all of the national parks, at first producing lantern slides and later 35 millimeter strips and motion pictures. More recently his motion picture films have been re-issued by Bell and Howell on 16 millimeter film with a sound track of descrip-ions by the photographer. Betore this was done eabody traveled for 15 years, lecturing on the natural phenomena that he had photographed. In the fall of 1920 the Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics was under construction at the California Peabody suggested to Hiram Wadsworth, a trustee of the Institute at that time, that a photographic laboratory should be incorporated in the structure. After consultation with the architect, Bertram Goodhue, it was decided to adopt Peabody's plan, and a laboratory was built on the top of the building, connecting with the elevator shaft. of the original equipment in the laboratory was contributed by its designer, and some of it is still in use. Mr. Peabody recently moved from Altadena to Glendora, and although he built a darkroom in his present home within a month after his arrival, he still commutes to his Pasadena laboratory two or three times a week. He still has prints to make from his negative files. and after the next fall of snow there will be several winter scenes to develop. C. I. T. NEWS PRESIDENT DUBRIDGE APPOINTED TO ATOMIC ENERGY ADVISORY BOARD • RESIDENT Lee A. DuBridge was named last month by President Iruman to serve on the nine-man advisory board to the Civilian Atomic Page 12 Energy Commission. This board, according to Pres ident Truman, has been chosen to advise the Civilian Commission on "scientific and technical matters relating to materials, production and research an de-velopment." The first item on which the advisory board is expected to aid the commission is the layout of an atomic energy power plant and establishment of research centers in various parts of the nation. Other members of the board include Professor • R. Oppenheimer, Dr. J. B. Conant, Enrico Fermi Glenn T. Seaborg, and I I. Rabi. SAILING TEAM LOSES CUP Yachtmen, the Calich Pacific Coast co regate its 1941 victory, and came in seventh out of a field of 10 in the second annual Pacific Coast Intercol- U.C.L.A. coming in second and third. Other colleges participating were Pomona, Santa Barbara State, U.S.C., U.C., and Fullerton and Santa Ana Junior Colleges. An Annapolis team was invited, but failed to arrive in time for the meet. Three crews of two men each were entered by the participating colleges. Boats were supplied by the Newport Yacht Club, which borrowed them from members. In this race Dyer Dinghies were used, and distributed to the teams by lot. Weather on the day of the race proved poor for sailing. Light breezes only occasionally disturbed the calm bay. The dinghies crept around the course with a few spurts by a boat or two on the windward side of the fleet. Active on the race committee was Jack Palmer '41. This group laid out courses for three races, with all boats entered in each. Further meets of a dual or triangular sort are planned by Institute sailors during the spring. No definite dates have been set so far. MANY FORMER LETTERMEN ON TRACK TEAM T Cock and field pro ects for lee ek god. school, is expecting an exceptionally well-balanced squad. From the 1946 team are Paul Saltman, hurd les, George Brown, pole vault, Tom Miller, high jump, Doug MacLean, javelin, Bill Simons, 880 and mile, Bob Funk, 440 and Charles Shaller, sprints. Two javelin throwers from previous years, Jim Smith, who won letters in 1942 and 1943 and was throwins the javelin around 200 feet while in the service, anc Chuck McDougall, 1942 letterman, are back. Stan Barnes, who ran the 880 in a little under two minutes in 1944, and Elroy Chinn, a 21-foot broad jump er, are squad members this year. who Three graduates starred on the championship 1945 team are eligible: Hubie Clark, quarter miler, Ken Shauer, 440 and 880 man, and Don Tillman, weights. Shauer holds the school record of 49.4s in the 440, and ran the 880 in 1945 in Im 59.2s. Tillman established new Tech records in 1945 with marks of 47 feet 3 inches in the shot and 142 feet 3 inches in the discus. ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY ALUMNI NEWS ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OFFICERS PRESIDENT A. I. Laws '26 WESIDENT BOARD OF DIRECTORS F. T. Schell '27 C. F. Friend '38 H. B. Lewis '23 ECRETAR • S. Clark *2 R. Bradburn D. Andrews H. M. Huston '29 C. W. Varney Jr. '22 ALUMNI CHAPTER OFFICERS New York Chapter: PRESIDENT Evan Johnson '38 969 Madison Ave., New York 21, N. Y., Tel. BUtterfield 8-4116 VICE-PRESIDENT H. E. Mendenhall *23 3 Oakridge Avenue, Summit, N. J. Tel. SU 6-2822 SECRETARY-TREASURER Richard Pond '39 174 North 19th Street, East Orange, N. J. Tel. OR 4-2164 San Francisco Chapter: PRESIDENT Maurice Jones '26 908 Curtis Street, Berkeley 6, California, Tel. THornewall 2893 Bechtel McCone Brothers Tel. DOuglas 4032 VICE-PRESIDENT Ted Vermeulen '36 2226 McGee Avenue, Berkeley 3, California Shell Development Company Tel. EXbrook 5400 SECRETARY-TREASURER Robert P. Jones '35 1431 Park Blvd., San Mateo, California, Tel. San Mateo 3-7634 Standard of California Tel. SUtter 7700 The San Francisco Chapter meets weekly for lunch at the Fraternity Club, 345 Bush Street, on Mondays. C.I.T. GRADUATES PROMINENT AT A.I.M.E. TECHNICAL SESSION SEVERAL CIT graduates aided in the presenta of a technical sessions program of the A.I.M.E's Petroleum Division in Los Angeles, late in October. Vorris Johnston, Ph.D. '30, of the General Petro leum Corporation, on the Technical Sessions Program Committee, and presided at an afternoon meeting. Nicholas D'Arcy '28, of the Charles W. Carter Company, spoke on Hydraulic Drives in the Oil Fields. DI. B. H. Sage, M.S. '31, Ph.D. '34, professor of chemical engineering at the Institute, with Robert H. Olds '38, M.S. '39, research assistant in chemistry, considered the Volumetric Behavior of Oil and Gas from Several San Joaquin Valley Fields. E. V. Watts '36, of General Petroleum, presented Some Aspects of High Pressures in the D.7 Zone of the Ventura Field. Past president of the Southern California Section of the A.I.M.E., Harvey S. Mudd, who is also vice president of the Institute Board of Trustees and an Associate, addressed the annual banquet of the Southern California Section of the A.I.M.E. at the close of the two-day program on Recent Observations in Europe and Cypress. JANUARY, 1947 ALUMNI DANCE IN FEBRUARY THE twelfth Annual Alumni Dance and Buffet Dinner is planned for the night of Saturday, February 15, at the Pasadena Athletic Club, corner of Los Robles and Green Street. Hal Loman and his orchestra will play for the dancing, beginning at 9:00, the buffet opens at 8:30, and the cocktail lounge will be open all evening Alumni are cordially invited and are welcome to make up a party of friends, alumni or not, to enjoy the affair. Dress will be informal and the ticket price, which includes everything, is seven dollars per couple. Accomodations are limited, however, and it is advisable to make reservations as early as possible. The final date for ordering tickets is February 12, and no refunds can be made for cancellations turned in after February 13. No tickets will be sold at the Club. ALBERT CHAPMAN '25 RECOMMENDS VENEZUELA A LBERT Chapman 25, who is with the Creol Petroleum Corporation at Maracaibo, Venezuela writes: "After I returned from overseas I ran into Hans Kramer, our old PMS&T back in '21-'23. Now a B.G. and had just been assigned to the Mississippi River Commission (He has since resigned and is with Sverdrup in Kansas City, specializing in hydraulics consulting.) "I returned to civilian life just a year ago, and with my wife, took a six week drive from Washington, D.C. (my last station) to our home in Texas, traveling up through Portland Maine, Niagara Falls, New York, Detroit, Indianapolis, Tulsa, Dallas and Hous-ton. In Niagara Falls I ran into that red-headed piano player, Paul Noll, '25. We had dinner together and after dinner Paul demonstrated that his fingers had lost none of their old touch, playing duets with my wife on the Niagara Hotel piano. "While overseas in Eritrea and Egypt I ran into '36, when he was on a construction job there. My own overseas assignment was area engineer in Egypt, Eritrea, and later was commanding officer, Suez Canal Ports, in charge of all U.S. Army operations along the canal. I came back after 31 months, as a lieutenant colonel and with a Legion of Merit. I was then assigned as chief, Mechanical and Electrical Branch, Research and Development Office, Chief of Engineers, Washington, where I stayed until I went on civvy street. "I am now with Creole Petroleum Corporation, part of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey family. I am rated as senior engineer and am ir the division engineer's office in Maracaibo. The work is interesting and the climate grand. Summers are far milder than either Texas or Egyptian summers. The thermometer did not go above 95 degrees all summer, which I'll bet is more than sunny California can say! This is a good outfit to be with and I can heartily recommend it and foreign work to any Tech man. "We are planning to come out to Pasadena in June, 1950 for the 25th anniversary of the graduation of the class of '25. From what I hear, Tech has changed a lot since then!" Page 13 ALUMNI ASSOCIATION FISCAL REPORT Association during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1946. BALANCE SHEET - JUNE 30, 1946 Assets Cash in bank and on hand Ine len rige of Technology Trust: Gueds funds $15,893.59 $16,725.38 $ 6,034.77 Liabilities Decount cryablo income: Substiti is ad a de Monchly $ 2,576.75 $18.50 United States Treasury bonds 222.00 16,947.38 Furniture and fixtures (net) Postage deposits TOTAL ASSETS 221.04 103.39 $23,306.58 $ 2,438.75 3,095.25 16,050.00 1,831.94 TOTAL LIABILITIES 17,881.94 $23,415.94 Capital Surplus Juss of 1xpg $1,416.03 1,525.39 Deficit, June 30, 1946 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND CAPITAL ( 109.36) $23,306.58 ever, the investment principal cannot be withdrawn from the STATEMENT OF INCOME AND EXPENSE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1946 Income Annual dues $3,226.85 'Interest Capital gair ther incom Total Income $3,364.95 Expenses Administration *Social "Seminar Membership Placement Chapters *Assistance to Associated Student Body 5.14210, 19.59) 338.38) 266.70 250.00 73.00 195.54 E & S Monthly $3,823.27 Less subscription income 763.65 3,059.62 Total Expenses Deficit $4,890.29 （$1,525.39） I Interest on funds invested in California Institute of Technology Trust. Due to a change in accounting methods dur ng the year, interest is not taken into income until received This statement therefore does not reflect $672.60 interest earned but not received until the succeeding fiscal year. 2 A proportionate share of capital gains made on California Institute of Technology Trust portfolio. Underwriting portion of costs of publication of the Cali ornia Tech and the Big T Amounts shown are net. Brackets represent deficit or an excess of receipts over disbursements. Page 14 BUDGET YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1947 Income Dues Members to 9/30/46 - Annual 1,378 Life 346 Total 1,724 Dues rec'd to date Asso adition to means @ $4.00 Let tal ailable dureserved for E des Net income from dues Mise Me. I income addressograph Total Expense Administratior Social Seminar Membership Actual 1945-46 $1,857.75 (108.48) 345.86) 209.12 250.00 73.0 95.5 Total Est. Surplus $5,111.25 304.00 ,415.2 ,600.0 1,815.25 672.60 123.00 $3,310.30 1946-47 $2,050.00 250.00 250.00 100.00 200.00 250.00 $3,100.00 $ 210.30 ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHIY The outstanding feature of the above income report is the substantial net loss, resulting primarily and Science Monthly. of the magazine rose from $1340 the preceding year to a figure of $3060, a sharp advance of $1720 or about 128 per cent. This was due to a combination of unfavorable circumstances including marked in. creases in the cost of paper, printing, and engraving and some decline in advertising revenue. situation also showed serious he blem oalan she si ation in- dicated deficit of $109 In attempting to put these activities on a sounder hnancial basis for future years a series of conferences and committee meetings were held. It was defnitely established that all expenses except for magazine were at an irreducible minimum; that the magazine was such a vital part of Alumni and Institute activities that every effort should be exerted to continue it on the existing basis; with all operating costs rising, some increase in dues was almost an move. A program the following a). Alumni Association annual dues and for life memberships were increased to put them more in line with those of other schools. b) The arrangement whereby the business and publication details of Engineering and Science had been handled by an outside agency fall of 1943 was terminated, and all activities were again consolidated in the Alumni office under supervision of a salaried managing editor. MISSING ADDRESSES The residence, business or military addresses of the follow- ing graduates are unknown. If anyone reading this column could supply this information, it would be appreciated if they contact the Alumni Office. -Editor. 1937 Murphy, Joseph N. Noble Odell, Parry, H. Dean Rinehart, John S. Schultz, Servet, John R. Abdurahim Shaw, Thomas N. Shuler, Ellis Smith, Joe N. Townsend, Robert D., JI. Tsubota, George Y Walseth, Sterling Wiseman, Sam H. Yin, Hung Chang 1938 Ackerman, John B Javidsor Donald D inab, Kamal Stone, William S. Taso, Chi Cheng Tieker, Paul O Wang, Hsih Heng Windsor, Emanuel 1939 Arnold, Lee Burns, Martin C. Cabeen, William Fan, Fish Ter Fan, Robert L. Goering, Kenneth J. Noel "" Hiehle, Ernest Mi Hoy, Robene B Hsueh, Chao Wang Jackson, Andrew M. Jones, Winthrop G Jack, Samuel S. Jennin Sircephen Jetter, Kanemitsu, Sunao Lowe, Frank C. McLeish, Charles W. Moorman, Thomas S. Nysewander, Cecil W. Ofsthun, Sidney A. Orr, James M. Putt, Donald L. JANUARY, 1947 Vorquist, Kenneth S Parish, Elliott W., Jr Robertson, Francis A Stephens, Frank B Tatom, Johr. F. 1940 Batu, Buhtar Chen, Sigelo STages James O. Gentner, William B Gould, Clark W., Jr. c) The Institute administration, recognizing the value of the magazine in its public relations pro-gram, agreed under certain conditions to underwrite defcits sustained by the magazine during the current fiscal year. To date this latter step does not appear to be necessary. Aside from the above financial difficulties the Association enjoyed another progressive year. The isual number of dinner and social meetings were held, the Alumni Seminar was enjoyed by a large group of interested Alumni and guests, and an innovation in the form of a Theatre Party at the Pasadena Playhouse rounded out a very successful rear for the social and program committees. Mem ership continued to increase, and the end of the year saw the following tally as compared with the previous year: Annual Members Fully Paid Life Members June 30 June 30 1946 1945 1412 1256 321 257 Total 1733 1513 Plans were made at the end of the year to assist in the welcoming of the new Institute president, Dr. DuBridge; and the Association has signifed its intention and desire to cooperate with the new administration in furthering the work of the Institute. The mutual advantages of such cooperation are very trongly telt by both groups Signed) Charles W. Varney, President 1945-46 Allen L. Laws, President 1946-47 1942 Carr, Curtis, Isadore Hsu, Menis, Robert Yuan, 1941 Chang, Jarrett, Hight, Shaffer, 1943 1944 George H. Ir. Trimble, Page 15 PERSONALS FORMER FACULTY HANS KRAMER, who was ROTC instructor at the 1924, is retired isticure from 1920 to Army as a brigadier general. He is now engaged cla a consulting engineer in San Fran-ANTONIN HEYTHUM, lecturer in terest are considering the introduc- tion of a five year curriculum in Indus- On my request I received I chose among he associates of one of the leadin; dustrial design offices in New York City. super the students' committed to be in Syracuse only twice tests and criticism, and to introduce new We have 20 students to The way my engagement is et the Columbia School ofith my GUY D. YOUNG continues as owner uring ectober ar obet ander rembernie, ope Emperor packing house from MAX H. CARSON, with the U. S Geological Survey at Honolulu, flew to While of Dis- Survey at ington, Montgomery, Alabama, visited in Wash- spent some time at Los Alamos, New Mexico. 1917 ROY T. RICHARDS, having served i brah superin warn of the now assistant Central Arizona Light and Power Company in Phoenix. 1927 J. DAVIS SHUSTER came west from Braintree, Massachusetts, to see his family and to visit in San Francisco over Christmas ch hi the dold coming, by electrical engineer Bethlehem Stee! Company in Quincy, Massachu- setts. LEONARD SNYDER was unable to attend the December 10 Alumni Dinner because of a severe case of mumps. 1928 TOMIZO SUZUKI has been working for the Hazama Gumi Company, Ltd., contractors in Nagoya since December, 1941. The company at present is doing extensive construction work for Ameri- Forces. He is extremel hard because of the scarcities of food stuffs, clothing and housing. NICHOLAS M. OBOUKHOFF, Academy of Science. His topics were Page 16 the Present-Day Situation in Manchur- HARRY MASON was with the Army Engineers Los Angeles County Flood Control as office engineer. 1931 EVERETT TROSTEL is employed by consulting DeGolyer and MacNaughton in Dallas, Texas. 1932 CHARLES D. CORYELL holds the position of professor of chemistry at M.I.T. CARROLL CRAIG is now in Bleitz Camera and Baco Manufacturing Companies, both of Hollywood DAN MATHEWSON was married in Following his release from has gone back to work at Lockheed. NORMAN P. OLDSON has returned to the Bureau of Ships in Washington, Pions, Colson part Barion orm: Thompson of Peoria, Illinois. 1941 JOE LEWIS is the father of a second son, John Rigg, born November 3. The first son, Joe III (Jeft), was born in 1944 while Joe was serving in the Navy New Martinsville, West live in Pittsburgh, Pa., where John i erators at lets desiges engines or cue one The couple were married August 17. ALBERT ALBRECHT is employed by CHARLES M. BROWN has returned to Glendale to establish the West Coast branch of Melpar, Inc., of Washington He left RCA Service Company to join Melpar, where he became visor of the electro-mechanical division. MURRAY J. LESSER is now workin Engine and Aircraft Cor 1n now DeGolyer and MacNaughtoa consulting of Dallas as ELMO S. MATHEWS was formerly with the Washington, Signal Corps D. C., and is now at Har- vard Business School. 1936 MALCOLM E. DOJGLAS ried to Miss bunkport, Elaine Towne of Kma- Kenne- on August The couple now live in Lynn, Massachusetts. JOHN GATES is exploitation engi- mer in sharge if chemical developmen the Shell Company production laboratory in Los Angeles EDWARDS goes to work tor Chemical Process Company in Mill-brae the first of Proe she fa small, relively, hecoca of chemicals used in ion exchanges in the treatment of water. LIEUTENANT COLONEL WIL- LIAM J. ELLISON. JR. was married November 2 to Miss Helen Stoshitch in San Francisco. BOB BARRY is chief engineer and member of the executive committee the Mission Appliance Corporation Los Angeles. NOAH H. ANDERSON is moving to Longview, Washington, where he is employed in the Reynolds ERWIN J. POIZNER was given his M.S. in geological engineering at in September, CllL1 CHARLES D. RUSSELL has taken a as research chemist with Car- ter Oil Company in Tulsa. WARREN AMSTER was from the Army in August and has re- turned to the Institute graduate student working for an A.E. degree. ARTHUR CARSON is employed at Los Alamos, New Mexico. ELMER S. HALL moved to Washing- ton, D. C., in October to work with Melpar, Inc., in the electronic division. WHEELER J. NORTH got his dis charge from the Army in October with the rank of first lieutenant in the Sig- nal Corps. ROLF W. PROTZEN has changed his name to ROLF W. KLOCK and is employed as chief engineer for the Bru-con Company in facturing San Francisco, manu- hydraulic equipment. 1945 ROBERT R. BENNETT is at Tech as a teaching assistant and graduate student working for his M.S. degree in electrical engineering STANLEY D. CLARK is engaged to Miss Doris Donnelly of Santa Monica. R. F. SCHMOKER Ensign (CEC) USN, has been appointed maintenance superintendent at Naval Air Station, San Diego, and is residing at that sta- t101 with this wife and daughter, Linda Suzanne, age one month. 1946 MORTON M. ASTRAHAM is em ployed by the Glenn L. Martin Com pany. CHARLES G. BEATTY, HARVEY BRINKHAUS YOSHIYUKU working Westinghouse Electric Corporation plant in East Pennsylvania. Pittsburgh. KENNETH N. DOIG is in mechani cal engineering production work with Shell Oil Company in Los Angeles. JAMES DRAKE has a position with Marquardt Aircraft Corporation in Ven-ice, California, working on the ram-jet project. Jim is living in Santa Monica. ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE MONTHLY ENGINEERS BOOK STORE Textbooks Reference Books Handbooks Drafting Equipment Slide Rules 713 W. Jefferson Blvd. Los Angeles 7 PRospect 1695 "Largest stock of higher math. books on Coast" HOLLYWOOD TOOL AND DIE "One of the Best Equipped Job Shops in the West" Tools Dies Jigs Fixtures - Gages Special Machinery Meral Stamping Experimental Work Also Tooling Development of New Products 6765 Romaine St., Hollywood 38 Phone HOllywood 3588 FOR SALE U.S. PATENTS FOR AIRCRAFT FLAPS AND CONTROLS Re 20075, 1974407, 2005965, 2026727, 2026728, 2041688, 2158686 Non excluit li 207o705 5. Government GEORGE E. BARNHART 425 E. Green St., Pasadena PRESIDENTIAL SILVER CO. "Research and Development Machine Shop" 223-227 West Redondo Blvd. Inglewood, Calif Call ORegon 8-2555 ARMY AND NAVY ACADEMY "WHERE THE CAMPUS MEETS THE SURF" If you are interested in a investigate this fully school of distinction for accredited military academy-one of son. the West's oldest. Successful guidance program. The only school in the West located on the ocean. For Catalogue: Box ES Army and Navy Academy, Carlsbad, Calif. Phone PRospect 7271 1956 So. Figueroa Los Angeles 7 Process Industries Steam Plants MERRILL BERKLEY Municipal Works Recording 'Rospect 869 PRospect 9136 Integrating Indicating Regulating 1151 SOUTH BROADWAI LOS ANGELES 15 Research Welding Company Magnesium Aluminum Stainless-steel SPECIALISTS Hastaloy Jet Assemblies Components 102 West Spevad S022, Tong Beach ATKINSON LABORATORY LOS ANGELES CALIFORNIA hotographi Photographic esearci Chemicals RALPH B. ATKINSON 30 BLEITZ CAMERA COMPANY "The West's Largest Photo Supply House" sA Complete Store for the Professional and Amateur, DON BLEITZ Thos. A. Edison Laboratories now present THE MERCURY ELECTRONIC VOICEWRITER 'finest in dictating machines The Ediphone Co TRinity 8343 941 5 An bes fa ALLEN MACHINE & TOOL CO. Designers and Builders of Special Machinery and Too Also General Machine Worl 13409 S. Aloneda Serada 62707 NEwme 130g, California NICHOLAS A. D'ARCY, JR. ANNOUNCES THE OPENING OF HIS OFFICE AS MANUFACTURERS' REPRESENTATIVE FOR FAWICK AIRFLEX CO., INC. (Airflex Industrial Clutches) TORCON CORPORATION (Hydraulic Torque Converters) 7824 STATE STREET HUNTINGTON PARK, CALIF P. O. BOX 447 KIMBALL 6673 POSTMASTER: Return postage guaranteed Thomas V. Wavis 138 Blacker House Calife Inste of Teche Pasadene 4, The Main Line This is the time when it's customary to make good resolutions for the New Year. For our part, we resolve to do the best job of railroading we'can. Last year we were hampered by shortages of equipment, but this year we expect to make some headway in solving that problem. You already know about the two sets of custom-built streamliners we've ordered for the Shasta Route between San Francisco and Portland, and the Golden State Route between Los Angeles and Chicago. These trains are slated for delivery this year, and we are sparing no expense to make them the finest ever built. For our freight service, we've ordered 40 miles of assorted freight cars and 20 powerful diesel-electric loco-motives. In addition, Pacific Fruit Express has ordered 40 miles of new refrigerator cars. Passengers Wanted During the war we were forced to discourage non-essential travel. This went on so long that we're afraid some people got in the habit of not even trying for train reservations. We hope everybody realizes that we want pleasure travelers now. The "Next time, try the train" sign is out. We want your business and will do everything we can to give you a fast, comfortable trip. Pullman space is still not easy to get at the last moment, but coach and chair car seats are comparatively plentiful. Nearly all of our fastest trains, by the way, carry chair cars or coaches — the Overland Limited, Golden State Limited, Sunset Limited, Beaver, the Daylights and even the streamliner City of San Francisco. Coaches and chair cars aren't as fancy as Pullinans, of course, but for the combination of economy, speed and comfort, they're hard to beat. Our newer streamlined chair cars JANUARY, 1947 have seats cushioned with soft foam rubber, enormous "picture" windows, and air-conditioning. All Aboard for Snow Many skiers have discovered that the train is the most sensible way to the snow fields. You don't have to worry about tire chains, frozen radiators, etc. Just sit back and take it easy while the engineer does the work. Norden and the Sugar Bowl are on Southern Pacific's main line over the High Sierra. From our Shasta Route you can reach Mt. Shasta and Lassen. Merced on our San Joaquin Valley Line is the gateway to Yosemite National Park. Fan Mail Mrs. George Garratt of Portland dropped us a note saying how much she enjoyed the cruise on Shasta Lake last summer. (She found out about it in our August ad.) We didn't know we had readers in the east until Mr. E. M. Miller wrote us from Anderson, Indiana, recalling with pleasure a trip he made between San Francisco and Los Angeles on the Southern Pacific. We may have to start a poet's cor-ner. Mr. R. C. White of Crestline, California, sent in some verses praising S.P. service. We are sorry that lack of space prevents us from printing it. Mr. George Hackett of Spokane writes that his favorite loconotives are the big cab-in-front jobs that pull S.P. trains over the High Sierra. We but we also like the sleek "4400's" that pull the Daylights. Thanks to Mrs. Emory Marshall of Walnut Creek, California, for her nice note about our November advertise-ment. Ever see New Orleans? If you're planning a trip east within next two months, have you thought about seeing New Orleans on your way? Railroad round trip tickets offer such a generous choice of routes that the chances are you can include New Orleans in your ticket for no extra rail fare-also Southern Arizona, El Paso, the Mexican Border country, San Antonio and Houston. Of course it takes a little longer to go via New Orleans, but not as long as you might think since we speeded up the Sunset Limited. This year the famous Mardi Gras parade will be on February 18. The New "Imperial" In case you didn't read about it, we have a new daily train between Los Angeles and Chicago, the Imperial. Faster than pre-war trains over this route, the Imperial consists of standard Pullmans, modern chair cars and coaches, lounge car for Pullman passengers and dining car. The Imperial is really an international train, running for 51 miles through Old Mexico. It also shows you California's sunny Imperial Valley. Accent on Dependability Winter accents an important ad- vantage of trains that you probably seldom think about-dependability. It is a safe bet that the Morning Coast Daylight will leave San Francisco tomorrow morning at precisely 8:15 a.m. and arrive in Los Angeles tomorrow night at 6 p.m.-regardless of weather conditions along the route. There's nothing sensational about dependability. It's something you take for granted with trains, just as you do with the paper boy and the milkman. Nevertheless, in this uncertain world, it's nice to know that you can depend on the trains to go through— rain or shine. It's just one more reason to "try the train," next time. - H. K. REYNOLDS SoP The friendly Southern Pacific